Subject: Sociology
Class XII
Time Allowed: 3 hours
Maximum Marks: 80
General Instructions:
- The question paper is divided into four sections.
- A total of 35 questions are given. All questions are compulsory
- Section A: Question numbers 1 – 16 are there. These are Objective Type Questions. These are all 1 marks.
- Section B contains question numbers 17-25. These are very short answer questions. These are of 2 marks and answer should not exceed 30 words.
- Section C: Question number 26 to 32. These are short answer type questions. These are all 4 marks and answer each question in 80 words. Question number 26 to 27 are case based questions carrying 4 parts of 1 mark each.
- Section D contains question numbers 33-35. It is a long answer type questions carrying 6 marks each. Answer these question in maximum 200 words. Answer question no 35 with the help of the given passage.
Section – A
1. Who coined the theory of population growth?
a) Malthus
b) Karl Marx
c) Max Weber
d) M. N Srinivas
OR
Census in India was started in the year ______
a) 1881
b) 2011
c) 1975
d) 1875
2. Article related to minorities is
a) 27 and 28
b) 29 and 30
c) 31 and 32
d) 33 and 34
3. An example of cultural diversity
a) Pakistan
b) Nepal
c) India
d) China
4. Which of the following explains the differences between Varna and Jati?
a) Varna is karma predominant and caste is birth predominant.
b) The Varna system is flexible and the caste system is rigid
c) The number of Varna’s is 4 while the number of castes is in thousands (about 3000 castes)
d) All of the above
5. The family planning program suffered a major setback during the period of national emergency. This period of national emergency was _________
a) 1875 – 76
b) 1978 – 79
c) 1977 – 78
d) 1976 – 78
6. Which is not correct in social reform movements?
a) Tradition of Sati
b) One family one residence
c) Caste system
d) Widow remarriage
7. When was the Second Backward Classes Commission constituted?
a) 1989
b) 1988
c) 1979
d) 1999
8. Which are included in the major institutions of Indian society?
a) caste
b) tribe
c) family
d) All of the above
9. Which statement is correct about nuclear family?
a) This includes parents and their children.
b) This includes parents and their children and grandchildren
c) This includes parents and their children and SEZ relatives.
d) None of these
10. Fill in the blanks
The study of demography is very important for sociology. In fact, much of the credit for the emergence of sociology and its establishment as a separate academic discipline goes to demography.
There is a systematic study of population
a) statistics
b) demographics
c) sociology
d) academic
11. Which of the following is not correct during authoritarian rule?
a) taking away civil liberties
b) implement censorship
c) having freedom of language
d) suspending parliament
12. Which one of the following is the correct combination of social movement to end caste and tribal discrimination?
a) Satyashodhak Samaj: By Jyotiba Phule
b) Sree Narayana Dharma Pratiplana Yogam Movement: By Narayana Guru
c) Self-respect Movement: By E.V. Ramaswamy
d) All of the above
13. Who insisted on widow remarriage?
a) Ranade
b) Tara Bai
c) Dayanand
d) None of these
14. It is not a characteristic of a dominant caste.
a) whose number is greater
b) these people work under the landlords
c) have land rights
d) politically, socially and economically dominant
15. According to the Government of India Act of 1935 –
a) Legal recognition to scheduled castes and tribes
b) The lower castes of the colonial period were included
c) 1 and 2 are both correct
d) 1 is right and 2 is wrong
16. Which one is correct as per the data of 15th Census of India 2011
a) Female to Male Ratio: 943 : 1000
b) Most populous state: Uttar Pradesh
c) State with minimum population : Sikkim
d) All of the above
OR
Which of the following are the problems of minorities.
a) Unfavourable position from cultural and political point of view
b) cut off and unprofitable status from society
c) prejudices and stereotypes
d) All of the above
Section – B
17. Write the types of demographics.
Ans. There are mainly two types of demographics
a) Morphological Demography: In this, the size of the population is studied.
b) Social Demography: In this, the social, economic and political aspects of the population are considered
OR
Briefly write the National Family Planning Program
Ans. The National Family Planning Program
a) The National Family Planning Program was started so that population growth could be controlled
b) In this, various methods of birth control were adopted e.g. (sterilization for mend and tubal sterilization for women)
c) The family planning program suffered a major setback during the National Emergency (1975 – 1976)
d) The new government named it as National Family Welfare Programme. New guidelines were created in this.
e) The objectives of this program have been broadly the same, by influencing the rate and nature of population growth and trying to move it towards a socially desirable direction.
18. What is kinship and write its types
Ans. Kinship: In the kinship system, those relations recognised by the society are assumed and based on blood relations – such as uncle, maternal uncle etc.
The following are the types of kinship
a) Matrimonial Kinship: Like brother-in-law, mother-in-law, father-in-law, brother-in-law, sister-in-law etc.
b) Blood kinship: like parents, siblings etc.
19. Give a glimpse of cultural diversity in India.
Ans. We also get to seen many interesting and fascinating differences in language, lifestyle, food, dress, custom, tradition, folklore, marriage system, life rites, art, music and dance in in different regions of India.
a) Global Position: Second place in terms of population and seventh place in terms of area
b) Languages: More than a billion people speak approximately 16.32 different languages and dialects. Out of which 18 languages have been given place in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution.
c) Population: More than 80% of the population is Hindu, about 13.4% of the population is Muslim, 2.3% Christian, 1.9% Sikh, 0.8% Buddhist, 0.4% Jain.
d) Constitution: It has been declared that India will be a secular state.
20. Describe social exclusion.
Ans. Social exclusion: The means by which an individual or group is prevented or kept apart from fully assimilating into society.
Social exclusion is not accidental, it is systematic and involuntary
Due to long-term inequality and exclusion, a feeling of vengeance and hatred arises in the expelled society, due to which the expelled societies do not try to connect themselves with the main stream. For example, Dalits, tribal communities, women and otherwise able people.
21. Define the following:
Structural change
Ans. The changes that come in the society, which bring changes in the structure of the society, are called structural changes
Colonialism
Ans. The rule of one country by another country at one level is called colonialism. This rule in India was more influential than any other regime. Colonialism brought new changes in the political, economic and social structure, but the main structural changes were industrialization and urbanization.
22. Explain industrialization in independent India with two points.
Ans. Independent India actively promoted industrialization
a) the Swadeshi movement strengthened India’s allegiance to the national economy
b) With rapid and large-scale industrialization, the economic situation improved and social justice was achieved.
c) Heavy mechanized industries developed. The industries producing these, the expansion of the public sector and the large cooperative sector were considering important.
23. Write any two main theoretical features of social stratification.
Ans. The following are the three main theoretical features of social stratification
a) Social stratification is not a function of variation among individuals but a characteristic of society.
b) Social stratification persists from generation to generation.
c) Social stratification is supported by belief or ideology.
24. Write any four common features of caste.
Ans. Following are the general characteristics of caste.
a) Determination by birth
b) Strict rules regarding marriage: Caste imposes strict rules regarding marriage on its members. Caste groups are homogenous i.e., they can be in their own caste group only.
c) The caste imposes dietary rules on its members. What kind of food can be eaten and what kind of food cannot be shared with whom and with whom, it is all determined by the caste institution.
d) Caste is a segmental organization i.e., sub-castes are found even among castes.
e) In the caste system, occupations are hereditary, that is, there is a restriction on the choice of occupation.
25. Write two aspects to modern changes in colonial India by sociologist Satish Sabar Bal.
Ans. The sociologist Satish Sabar Bal pointed out the following aspects for the modern changes in post Openivki India
a) Media of Communication: Press, Microphone, Ship, Railway etc. helped to accelerate the movement of new ideas in the movement of goods.
b) Forms of Organizations: Brahmo Samaj was established in Bengal and Arya Samaj was established in Punjab Anjuman-e-Khwateen-e-Islam, a national level organization of Muslim women, was established.
c) Nature of thought: New ideas of liberty and liberalism, family structure, rules of marriage, ideas of self-consciousness in culture, values of education.
OR
Write any four effects of colonialism on Indian society.
Ans. Colonialism had the following effects on Indian Society
a) This British colonialism was based on the capitalist system. It intervened extensively in the economic system, due to which it strengthened. The method of production and distribution of goods also changed.
b) Modern ideas and institutions in India are a product of the colonial period, the parliamentary law and education system of our country is based on the British model.
c) Walking left on the streets, using food items like bread-omlette and cutlet, wearing neck-tie dress, using more English language etc.
d) Started the cultivation of tea by cutting the forest and made many laws to control and administer the forests.
Section – C
26. Read the following paragraph carefully and answer the given questions.
The meaning of communalism has become bad today. Due to this tody the poison of discrimination, hatred and bitterness is spreading all around. The individual, society and nation affected by communalism inculcates disharmony towards each other. When religion and religious policy chooses bigotry, then communalism arises there. At that time religion ceases to be religion, it assumes the form of time and ends up destroying humanity itself. Then morality, courtesy, generosity, simplicity, kindness etc. Satvik and divine qualities and influences do not find refuge anywhere.
i) The poison of discrimination, hatred and ________ is spreading all around due to communalism
Ans. Bitterness
ii) Correct the statement
Good results are coming from communalism.
Ans. Bad results are coming from communalism
iii) Whose enemy is communalism?
a) inequality
b) iniquity
c) humanity
d) passerby
iv) There are qualities of communalism
a) ethics
b) simplicity
c) chivalry
d) bigotry
27. Read the following paragraph carefully and answer the given questions.
To understand the dimensions and intensity of colonialism, it is necessary to understand the structure of capitalism. Capitalism in the west came about as a result of complex process. This process mainly involves the discovery of the rest of the world by Europe, exploitation of the wealth and resources of non-European countries, the unique development of science and technology and its use in industry and agriculture, etc.
i) Who is Capitalism?
Ans. An economy in which the means of production are owned by a specific group of people.
ii) State the characteristics of capitalism.
Ans. Characteristics of Capitalism: Emphasis is placed on earning maximum profits. It was known for mobility, growth, expansion, renewal, better use of technology and Labour. This led to the market being viewed as a broadly globalized one.
c) What is the relationship between colonialism and capitalism/
Ans. Colonialism prevailed in India also due to the development of capitalism and this process had an impact on the social, cultural, economic and political structure of India. If the capitalist system can become a powerful economic system, then the nation state can also take a strong and powerful political form.
d) Describe the relationship between capitalism and Europe.
Ans. Mainly the exploration of the rest of the world by Europe, exploitation of wealth and resources of non-European countries, unique development of science and technology and its use in industry and agriculture are included etc.
28. Explain in detail the theory of Malthus propounded by Robert Thomas Malthus.
Ans. The theory of Malthus propounded by Robert Thomas Malthus (1766 – 1834)
a) According to him, it includes two important things: population – people and the means of wealth – land (agriculture)
b) Population growth can happen uncontrollably. It grows faster than the ‘geometric speed’ (2, 4, 8, 16, 32,….)
c) The increase in food production occurs mathematically (parallel). Like – 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 etc. This creates an imbalance between the population and the food supply.
d) The population is increasing uncontrollably. Agriculture is not able to bear the burden of such a large population, due to which problems like poverty, hunger are rising.
Malthus has proposed two solutions for its solution:
a) Natural Detention: Many people die due to natural calamities. Due to this the population is controlled naturally. For example, earthquake, flood, war sickness, tsunami etc.
b) Artificial contraception: This is a man-made remedy eg. Late marriage, celibacy, contraceptive measures, etc.
c) Criticism of Malthus’s theory: Economic growth can exceed population growth. As in the countries of Europe, poverty and hunger spread due to unequal distribution of economic resources rather than population growth (liberals and Marxists)
d) According to sociologists, problems like poverty, hunger are not due to low growth in agriculture but due to inequality of economic resources.
OR
Explain the first two stages of population growth under the theory of demographic transition.
Ans. Principles of Demographic Transition: Population growth is associated with all levels of economic development and each society follows a certain pattern of population growth associated with development.
There are three basic stages of population growth. The description of the first two of which is given below.
Primary Stage: (Last Developed Countries)
a) These countries are under-developed and technologically backward, so the growth of population in these societies is low.
b) In societies of this type, such as Africa, birth rates are high because people are unware of the benefits of a small family.
c) The mortality rate is also high because health and medical facilities are not available population decreases.
Secondary Stage: (Developing Countries)
a) Both the birth rate and death rate are very high in these countries. The net growth is also low.
b) Also the birth rate is high, because the society of these countries is malevolent, it is the men who decide how many children to give birth to. They give priority to children.
c) People in these societies are ignorant and uneducated.
d) The mortality rate is also high because health and medical facilities are not available.
29. Describe Sanskritization according to M.S. Shri Niwas and sometimes present its criticism through six points.
Ans. According to M.S. Shri Niwas, Sanskritization: The process in which the lower caste or tribal people initiate the way of life, ritual values, ideals and ideas of the upper caste (Dwij castes). Its influence can be seen in language, literature, ideology, music, dance, drama, rituals and way of life. These lower castes influenced the culture of the areas where non Sanskritization castes were dominant. Shri Niwas named it as de-cultural Karana.
The following are the criticism of Sanskritization
a) This concept is based on inequality and exclusion
b) Social mobility causes an upward change in the stratification of the lower castes.
c) Discrimination against lower caste is a privilege.
d) There is a feeling of being high in the lifestyle of the upper cast and low in the lifestyle of the lower caste.
e) The imitation of the upper caste lifestyle is desirable and natural.
f) In this, the fundamental aspects of Dalit society are considered backward.
g) Girls are also pushed down the ranks of inequality
h) Caste membership has become an indicator of talent. The same sentiment has also come among Dalits. But still they are victims of discrimination.
30. Present your evidence in front of this viewpoint “Tribes are primitive communities who live their isolated life untouched by civilization”.
Ans. Tribes are believed to have been cut off from the rest of the world and have always been a backward part of the society. The following reasons can be given behind this statement.
a) The tribal people have always established their dominance over the people of the plains due to their aggression and collusion with the local fighting parties.
b) There have been various Good kingdoms in central India – such as Garh Mandala or Chand.
c) Apart from this, he also had the right on certain types of trade. For example, sale of salt, wild products and elephants.
d) Many of the so-called Rajput kingdoms of central and western India actually arose through the process of stratification into tribal communities themselves.
The following are the facts certifying tribes as a primitive community.
a) From the very beginning, they have been involved in activities like hunting, food gathering, fishing, agriculture etc.
b) They do not have any written religious laws
c) They do not have their own state or political system.
d) He is neither a Hindu nor an agriculturist.
e) The habitat is in dense forests and hilly areas.
31. Give an example of authoritarian state system.
Ans. An authoritarian state is the opposite of a democratic state. In this the voice of the people is not heard and those who have power are not responsible to anyone.
A) Authoritarian states often limit or eliminate many types of civil liberties such as freedom of language, freedom of the press, right to protection from abuse of power, the right to the required procedure of law.
B) The Indian people had some experience of authoritarian rule during the Emergency which was in force from 1975 to 1977.
a) Parliament was suspended
b) Civil liberties were taken away and politically active people arrested in large number
c) They were put in jails without trial.
d) Censor system was implemented on the media of mass communication.
e) Sterilization was done which led to death of people from these problems.
C) When elections were held in early 1977, people enthusiastically cast their votes against the ruling Congress party.
Result of authoritarian rule
a) Violation of fundamental rights
b) Wave of participation
c) Start of social movement
d) Women’s Movement, Environment Protection Movement, Human Rights and Dalit Movement.
32. Describe the Other Backward Classes.
Ans. The socially, educationally backward classes of castes, are called Other Backward Classes. It includes the people belonging to the serving artisanal castes.
The main feature of these classes is their backwardness in culture, education and social point of view.
A) These classes neither come in the upper caste no do they come in the lower caste.
B) Under the Indian Constitution, apart from the Scheduled Castes/ Scheduled Tribes, there may be some such ethnic groups, which are victims of caste discrimination.
C) The “Backward Classes Commission” was first formed under the chairmanship of Kakasaheb Kalelkar. The commission submitted its report to the government in 1953.
D) In 1979 the Second Backward Classes Commission (Mandal Commission) was constituted.
E) Today there is a huge disparity among other backward classes.
F) On the one hand, there is that class of OBC who is a rich farmer, on the other hand there is another class living below the poverty line, which is now known as Creamy Layer and Non-Creamy Layer.
G) Prevention of Atrocities Act 1989: Strong legal provisions have been made in this Act for the rights of Dalits and Adivasis.
H) Constitutional Amendment (93rd) Act, 2005: Through this Act, there is a system of reservation for other backward castes in higher educational institutions.
OR
Describe urbanization and industrialization in the context of India.
Ans. Urbanization and industrialization in the context of India
a) Industrialization is related to the rise of mechanical production, which is dependent on non-human resources of energy, in which most of the people work in factories, offices and shops and due to this the number of people in the agricultural business is decreasing.
b) The urbanization of the colonial period weakened the existence of old cities and replaced them with the emergence and development of new colonial cities.
c) Urbanization can be seen in conjunction with industrialization. Both are simultaneous actions.
d) Industrial erosion has also been observed at times. Some of the Puranic, traditional city centers declined in India. The way production and manufacturing got a boost in Britain, in contrast to it, there was a decline in India. The existence of ancient cities like Surat and Masulipatnam weakened. The government started providing facilities and benefits to the plantation owners and the labourers and contractors were given legal punishment for not completing the work.
e) After independence, the economic condition of India could be improved only through industrialization.
f) Sociologist M.S.A Rao has written that many villages of India are also coming under the rapidly increasing urban influence.
g) The role of cities in the economy of the British Empire was important. The seaside towns such as Bombay, Calcutta and Madras were considered suitable as the essential commodities of consumption could be easily exported.
Section – D
33. What were the changes brought about in the caste system due to colonialism?
Ans. The following changes occurred in the caste system due to colonialism.
a) The nature of caste in modern times can be considered a product of colonialism rather than ancient Indian tradition.
b) The British administrators started making efforts to understand the complexities of the caste system to rule the country efficiently.
c) In the 1860s, the most important government efforts to collect information on caste were launched. Their basis was the census system.
d) The census conducted under the direction of Herbert Ridgeson, 1901, was considered important, because through this census, an attempt was made to collect information above the social hierarchy of caste, that is, how high or low the rank of each caste in the hierarchy according to the social point of view. Yes, it has been assessed.
e) Due to this calculation of caste in the official order, the identity of the institution called caste in India came to the force.
f) Several laws and land revenue settlements served to give legitimate recognition to the caste-based rights of the upper castes.
g) Irrigation schemes were started on a large scale and the work of settling the people was started. All these efforts had an ethnic dimension.
h) The administration also took interest in the welfare of the downtrodden castes, which were called the Depressed Classes in those days.
Various important changes took place in the caste institution during the colonial period. The British made major changes in the following areas:
a) Land settlement
b) The Government of India Act 1935 gave legal recognition to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. It included those castes which were the lowest in the colonial period. Plans were made for their welfare.
c) To understand the values, beliefs and customs of different sections of the society.
d) Census – To find out the number and size of castes and sub-castes of India.
OR
Describe the aspects taken to eradicate discrimination against castes and tribes.
Ans. Steps taken by the state to eradicate discrimination against castes and tribes:
a) Reservation for Scheduled Castes and Tribes in State and Central Legislatures
b) Reservation in government jobs
c) Abolition of untouchability (Article 17)
d) Caste Disabilities Prevention Act of 1850
e) Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Abolition of Untouchability Act – 1989
f) Reservation to Other Backward Classes under the 93rd Amendment of Higher Education Institutions.
Non-government effort
a) Pre0independence: Jyotiba Phule, Periyar, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Dr. Ambedkar, Mahatma Gandhi, Raja Ram Mohan Roy etc. have important contributions
b) Bahujan Samaj Party in Uttar Pradesh, Dalit Sangharsh Samiti in Karnataka.
c) Contribution to literature of different languages.
Social movements
a) Satyashodhak Samaj : By Jyotiba Phule
b) Sree Narayana Dharma Pratipalana Togam Movement: By Narayana Guru
c) Self-respect Movement: By E.V Ramaswamy
34. Describe the reform movements that took place in the nineteenth century for the rights and status of women.
Ans. There were many reform movements in the nineteenth century for the rights and status of women.
a) Inequality between men and women is social, not natural
b) There are societies in the world or country where women’s power prevails in families, such as ‘Nair’ families of Kerala and ‘Khasi’ tribes of Meghalaya
c) If a woman was considered unfit on biological or physical grounds, how would she have been able to successfully run agriculture and business. In short, it would be fair to say that biological/natural or physiological factors do not play many roles in determining inequality between men and women.
d) Raja Ram Mohan Roy opposed the practice of Sati and child marriage and supported widow remarriage.
e) Jyotiba Phule agitated against caste and gender atrocities.
f) Ranade emphasized on widow remarriage.
g) Tarabai Shinde wrote “Stree Purush Comparison” in which it was wrongly said to give status to men.
h) Sir Syed Ahmed Khan opened girls’ schools and colleges for social reforms in Islam.
i) Dayanand Saraswati contributed to the education of women
j) Begum Rokeya Hussain wrote a book titled ‘Sultan’s Dream’ in which every gender has been discussed equal rights.
k) In 1931, an ordinance was issued by the Indian Congress in Karachi emphasizing on giving equal rights to women. Shall not be disqualified in respect of public employment, power or honour.
l) In the 1970s, emphasis was placed on very important issues such as rape in police custody, dowry, murder etc. Women will have the right to vote, to hold public office.
35. Read the following paragraph carefully and answer the given questions.
‘Modernity’ means the weakening of a limited narrow local approach and a more dominant universal confinement and world-conquering approach. In this, importance is given to utility, calculation and truth of science in place of sentimentality, religious purity and unscientific elements.
i) What is meant by modernity?
Ans. ‘Modernity’ means the weakening of a limited narrow local approach and a more dominant universal commitment and world-conquering approach. In this, importance is given to utility, calculation and truth of science in place of sentimentality, religious purity and unscientific elements.
ii) Describe secularization.
Ans. Secularism: Reduction in the influence of religion. The increasing distance between religious institutions and people in the modern era is evidence of this. The indicators of secularization are – religious behaviour of human beings, relation to religious institutions, and material influence come under it.
iv) What is westernization and describe its impact on India.
Ans. a) Westernization: The technology, institution, ideology, value changes that came in 150 years of British rule were given the name of Westernization.
b) Apart from lifestyle and thinking, Indian art and literature have also been influenced by western culture.
c) There were other western cultural elements such as the use of new equipment, dress, food, and changes in the habits and mannerisms of the common people.
d) Television, fridge, sofa-set, dining table, etc. are common in a large section of the middle class households.
e) According to Shri Nivasan, the lower caste people follow the process of sanskritisation while the upper caste people adopt the process of westernization.