SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER (2021-22)
SOCIOLOGY (039)
TERM II
CLASS 12
Time: 2 Hrs Max. Marks: 40
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
- The paper has 14 questions.
- All questions are compulsory.
- Section A- Question number 1 to 2 are one-mark source based questions. The answer to these questions must not exceed 10-15 words.
- Section B- Question number 3 to 9 are two-mark questions. These are very short answer type questions. The answer to these questions should not exceed 30 words.
- Section C- Question number 10-12 are four-mark questions. These are short answer type questions. The answer to these questions should not exceed 80 words.
- Section D- Question number 13 and 14 are six-mark questions. These questions. The answer to these questions should not exceed 200 words.
.
SECTION-A
1. Read the source & answer the following question.
Hospital deliveries on the rise, maternal deaths dip New Delhi: Institutional deliveries, where children are delivered at health centres or hospitals have picked up in India over the last five odd years, around 60 lakh infants were born in safe confines of health care centres in 2010-11 as compared to 2005-06.Experts say one main reason for this spurt is the Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY), which was launched in April 2005 to reduce India’s shamefully high maternal and infant mortality rates. The JSY promoted institutional delivery among would-be mothers by providing cash assistance. Emboldened, the Ministry has launched the Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakaram (JSSK) this year. The initiative entitles all would-be mothers free delivery, free drugs and free diagnostics.
Source: The Times of India, New Delhi, October 18, 2011
(i) What are the entitlements given under the JSSK?
Ans. The entitlements which are given under the Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakaram (JSSK) are all the would-be mothers would be given free delivery system, free drugs and free diagnostics.
2. What is the population structure?
Ans. By population structure we mean the distribution of the population of the country in different parts, the density of population, birth and death rate, immigration, emigration, education, sex ratio, etc. In population structure, different aspects of population and features of the population are studied.
3. Define Caste
Ans. Caste is a collection of families or group of families bearing a common name, claiming a common descent from a mythical ancestor, human or divine, professing to follow the name hereditary calling and regarded by those who are competent to give an opinion as forming a single homogeneous community.
4. What is the role of caste in spreading culture?
Ans. Every caste has its own occupations, eating habits, living standards, etc. An individual observes all the customs and rituals associated with caste and also teaches them to his children. In this way, culture goes down from one generation to another and caste plays a very important role in it.
SECTION-B
5. Differentiate between Formal Demography and Social Demography
Ans. Formal Demography: statistical analysis of population i.e., total population, number of males, number of females, number of youth, working population, rural urban (quantitative data)
Social Demography: birth rate, death rate and migration that happens in a particular society.
6. Give two methods of population control given by Malthus.
Ans. The First method of population control given by Malthus was preventive checks like postponing marriage or practising sexual abstinence or celibacy.
The Second method was positive checks to population growth in the form of famines and diseases. Lots of people die due to these and thus, the population remains in control.
7. What do you know about the Demographic Transition theory of population?
Ans. This theory is based upon the experiences of all societies.
- It says that as birth rate increases and the death rate decreases, the population increases very quickly.
- It can be seen in modern societies where the death rate is being controlled but the birth rate is not being controlled as the death rate.
- It leads to a great increase in population. It is known as the demographic transition theory of population.
8. What is meant by homogeneity in rural life?
Ans. When people of the same culture live in the village, their eating habits, ways of living, wearing, etc. are the same then this is known as homogeneity in rural life.
– People share a common culture in a village.
9. Write about the types of Kinship?
Blood Relations: Relations based on blood are known as blood relatives like the relation of parents with their children. Relation of father, mother, brother, sister, etc. also comes in this category. These relations are based upon social sanctions and biological facts.
Consanguine Relations: These types of relations are made on the basis of marriage. Not only husband-wife come in this category but relatives of bride and bridegroom also come in it. For example, son-in-law, daughter-in-law, brother-in-law, sister-in-law, etc.
10. Explain evolutionary and religious theory of the origin of the caste system.
Ans. Evolutionary Theory: This theory was given by Denzil Ibbetson. According to him, the caste system was not originated on the basis of four varnas but was originated by the organizations which were formed on an economic basis
– According to Hobart, the origin of the caste system and division of Indian society took place due to religious customs and theories
11. Write a difference between matriliny and matriarchy.
Ans. Matriliny is formed with regard to the rules of inheritance. In matrilineal societies pass on property from mother to daughter.
- Matriarchy on the other hand is formed with regard to the exercise of authority and domination. A matriarchal family structure is where the women exercise authority and dominance.
- Matriarchy is a theoretical rather than an empirical concept. There is no historical or anthropological evidence of matriarchy – i.e., societies where women exercise dominance.
- However, there do exist matrilineal societies, i.e., societies where women inherit property from their mothers but do not exercise control over it, nor are they the decision makers in public affairs.
12. Read the passage and answer the following questions: –
The institution of caste underwent major changes during the colonial period.
Present status of caste in India is more a product of colonialism than of ancient Indian tradition. The British administrators tried to understand the complexities of caste in an effort to learn how to govern the country efficiently. The most important official effort to collect information on caste was through census. It began in 1860s.
The 1901 census under the direction of Herbert Risley was particularly important as it sought to collect information on the social hierarchy of caste i.e. the social order of precedence in particular regions, as to the position of each caste in the rank order.
The counting of caste and to officially recording of caste made this institution of caste identity became more rigid in India. The land revenue settlements and laws gave legal recognition to the caste based rights of the upper caste. Large scale irrigation schemes were accompanied by efforts to settle population there, and these also had caste dimension. So colonialism brought about major changes in the institution of caste. In short the Britishers took initiative in following areas: Census-to make sure of number and sizes of the castes and sub-castes. To understand the values, beliefs and customs of different sections of society. Land settlement.
12.1 Write any two major changes brought by the Britishers in the institution of caste
Ans. To understand the values
- beliefs and customs of different sections of society,
- Land settlement.
SECTION-C
13.” Population explosion responsible for our lower standard of living”. Explain
Ans. It is right that the population explosion is responsible for our lower standard of living.
- The population has been increased but per capita income has not been increased rather it has been reduced.
- If the population increases but national income does not increase, then, the growth rate will come down.
- Lower per capita income will lead to less consumption which results in a lower standard of living. It also leads to a bad impact on the health and working efficiency of the person.
14. Describe the functions of caste.
Ans. Caste determines the occupation of a person.
- Caste provides social security to a person.
- Caste gives mental security to a person.
- Caste maintains the purity of the blood.
SECTION-D
15. Illiteracy of the people, poverty, hesitation towards population policy of India also became one of the reasons for drawbacks of this programmes. Give some suggestions for better results.
Ans. The following suggestions could be given to achieve better results in this programme:
- Youngsters should be motivated for late marriage so that they could be mature enough and should be able to understand the drawbacks of more children.
- Females should participate in economic activities, except household work, so that
they could become economically independent and should take their own decisions regarding the size of the family. - To achieve 100% literacy rate so that people should be able to understand governmental programmes.
- This programme should be implemented on those groups or castes which have higher birth rate so that their birth rate could be reduced.
- Complete registration of marriages, birth and death rate so that government should get complete data.
- Methods of family planning could be propagated through means of communication so that people could be able to understand them.
OR
Explain the different characteristics of Rural Society.
Ans. Agriculture main occupation: The main occupation of rural society is either agriculture or any of the related work because they are very closely related to nature. Because of their close relationship to nature, their views towards life are very much different. Yet, many other occupations, like carpenter, blacksmith, etc. are there in villages but they also make tools related to agriculture.
- Simple Life. Life of rural people is very simple: People in ancient rural societies used to do a lot of hard work to fulfil their needs and they were very much away from leisures of life due to this hard work. People engaged their children in agricultural works because they were unaware of the merits of education. They have any mental conflicts and problems. They are always ready to help each other in their problems.
- Scarcity of population and homogeneity: The population of villages is very less as compared to the urban areas. People live in small groups in villages. There are very fewer occupations in rural areas except for agriculture because of which people like to go to cities to earn money and that is the reason why the population in villages is very less. People have close relations with each other and their views are also the same due to the same occupation
- Importance of neighbourhood: The neighbourhood is of great importance in rural society. The main occupation of the people is agriculture in which they get enough time at hand. People meet, talk and co-operate with each other. People have very close relations with their neighbours. Neighbours generally are of the same caste because of which their status is also same. People generally respect their neighbours.
- Control of family: A person is in complete control of the family in rural societies. Generally, patriarchal families are there in the villages and every type of decision of the family is taken by the head of the family. Division of labour in villages is being done on the basis of sex. Males either do farming or move out of the house to earn money and females take care of the house. The joint family system is there in villages and person adopts the traditional occupation of the family. Every member of the family works with others and that is why they have community feeling among them. Family is known as the primary group.
- Common culture: People of a village are not the outsiders who come to live in the village but are the original inhabitants of that village and that’s why their culture is common. Their culture, rituals, traditions, customs etc. are also common. That’s why they live with each other in a peaceful atmosphere. They have unity among themselves.
16. What are the factors behind the assertion of tribal identities today?
Ans. Forced incorporation or tribal communities has had a negative impact on tribal cultures and, society as much as its economy
- Tribal identities are today formed by interactional process.
- Because this interactional process has not been in favour of the tribes, many tribal identities are based on ideas of resistance and opposition to the overwhelming force of the non-tribal world.
- The positive impact of success such as the achievement of statehood for Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh, is marred by continuous problems. Many citizens of the north-eastern states have been living under special laws that limit their civil liberties.
- The vicious circle of armed rebellions provoking state repression which in turn fuels further rebellions has taken a heavy toll on the culture, economy, and society of these north-eastern states.
- Gradual emergence of an educated middle class in conjunction with the policy of reservation is creating an urbanised professional class.
- As tribal societies get more and more differentiated i.e. developed class and other division within themselves, current bases grow for the assertion of tribal identity.
- These issues are categorised to control over vital economic resources like land and specially forests, and issues relating to matters of ethnic-cultural identity.
- Due to vision within the tribes, the reason for asserting tribal identity may be different for different group of tribal