Class XII Psychology Sample Paper – 3

Ans. (B) Aptitude

Explanation: Aptitude is one’s ability or potential to acquire skills. Attitude is set of emotions, beliefs, and behaviour toward particular object or person, Achievement refers to demonstrating acquired skills or reaching specific goals or milestones and Interest is one’s preference for engaging in certain activities.

Ans. (C) i and ii

Explanation: Case Study is in-depth analysis of any individual. The content varies for individual and is result of physical, psychological and psychosocial conditions of the individual.

Ans. (B) IQ = MA/CA * 100

Explanation: The correct formula for IQ= MA/CA *100.

Ans. (D) thinks appropriately, has original ideas which are useful

Explanation: The correct formula for IQ= MA/CA *100.

Ans. (C) Type C

Explanation: The chief characteristics of creative person is that they think appropriately, has original ideas which are useful. High or Low IQ does not form the necessary condition for creativity.

Ans. (D) Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent, Genital

Explanation: The correct sequence of psychosexual stage is Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent and Genital stage.

Ans. (A) Both A and R is true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Explanation: Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. As resolution of Oedipus complex leads to formation of superego.

Ans. (A) Displacement

Explanation: Displacement is defence mechanism where individual transfer their feeling from one person to another. The person vents out their feeling on the other person or object rather than source.

Ans. (B) Premack Principle

Explanation: Premack Principle states that a more preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less preferred activity while principles of stimulus differentiation and extinction are part of classical conditioning of learning.

Ans. (B) i, iii and iv

Explanation: Control, commitment and challenge are three C’s of Hardiness aspect of personality.

Ans. (C) Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Explanation: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder or OCD is the disorder where excessive thoughts lead to repetitive behaviours in individual which becomes severe and affects daily routine of individual.

Ans. (A) Victor Frankl

Explanation: Victor Frankl propounded Logotherapy. Logos is the Greek word for soul and Logotherapy means treatment for the soul. Frankl calls this process of finding meaning even in life- threatening circumstances as the process of meaning making.

Ans. (A) Social facilitation

Explanation: Social facilitation is improvement in performance of one’s behaviour in presence of others.

Ans. (C) A is true but R is false.

Explanation: A is true but R is false. Kamla is introvert as per Jung’s classification. So, the reason is wrong while assertion is correct.

Ans. (D) Bullying

Explanation: Bullying is aggressive behaviour which leads to discomfort to others while proximity, common goals and similarity facilitate the formation of groups.

Ans. Jensen hierarchical model of intelligence consists of Level I and Level II abilities. Level I is associative in nature in which we tend to produce same output as input as in case of rote memory. Level II is cognitive competence in which we perform higher mental skills like creativity.

Ans. On the basis of administration procedure, tests can be divided into- individual or Group test. In individual test, one person gives the test at a given time while in group test, several persons give the test simultaneously.

On basis of nature of items used, verbal or performance test. Verbal test requires verbal response in oral or written and administered on literates only. Performance test requires subject to perform task administered on people of any culture.

Ans. It is personality of Rahul which made Richa recognize him. Personality is the dynamic organisation within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine their unique adjustment to the environment. (Allport).

Ans. Interview Method.

Merits:

(1) Precise information, one on one basis.

(2) Knowledge of the employee will be obtained to know whether he is suitable for the required role.

Ans. Rorschach Inkblot test is used as tool in projective technique.

Use: Indirect method of assessment of personality where individual’s unconscious motives and feelings are assessed.

Ans. Environmental stress: The source of such stress is our surroundings which are often unavoidable in nature such as pollution, noise, crowd, heat. Another group of environmental stresses are catastrophic events or disasters such as fire, earthquake, floods, etc.

Ans. Alternative therapies are alternative treatment possibilities for medical therapy or psychotherapy. The two types of alternative therapy are:

Yoga: ancient Indian technique which in present deals with asanas.

Meditation: Practise of focusing attention on breath.

Ans. J.P. Guilford proposed the structure of intellect model of intelligence which categorizes intellectual traits in three dimensions. They are operations, content and product. Operations are what respondent does and includes cognition, memory recording, memory retention, divergent production, convergent production and evaluation. Content is one on which operations are performed and includes visual, auditory, symbolic, semantic and behavioural. Product is the result of operation on content and yields units, classes, relations, systems, transformations and implication.

Ans. Contextual Intelligence or practical intelligence is possessed by Ranjeet which involves the ability to Ideal with environmental demands encountered on daily basis. The characteristics of contextual intelligent persons are

• Adapts easily to environment.

• Know how to modify environment to fit their needs.

Ans. Diathesis stress model states that psychological disorders develop when an individual has predisposition toward psychological disorder which gets triggered by stressful life events. This model has three components.

• Presence of some biological aberration which may be inherited.

• Vulnerability to develop a psychological disorder.

• Presence of stressor factors which can trigger that psychopathology.

So, all the components integrate to develop psychopathology in an individual.

Ans. Biological or Organic Approach: The abnormality exists because of malfunctioning of brain and body. Presence of fluids in body influences our behaviour and their imbalance can lead to psychopathology. Studies show that abnormal activity by some neurotransmitters can lead to specific disorders. For example, low activity of GABA is linked to anxiety disorder and high level of dopamine is linked to schizophrenia.

Psychological approach: Psychopathology can be caused by the way we feel, think or see the world. The environmental situation can increase or decrease the likelihood of occurrence of psychopathology. Factors like lack of maternal support, rejections, disturbed families, etc. can increase chances of abnormal behaviour.

Cognitive approach: Examines how irrational thoughts and cognitions contribute to abnormal behaviour, therapy aims to modify this behaviour.

Ans. Primary group is one which consists of pre-existing formations whereas secondary groups are one which is formed by individual.

The individual has no choice in terms of primary group as he is born within that group whereas in secondary group individual has a choice. He can choose the group to which he wants to associate. For example, family is a primary group where an individual has no choice. Nobody chooses the family in which they are born whereas friend circle is secondary group which is chosen by individual. The individual joins or leaves the group at their will.

Primary groups have face to face interaction, share warmth and have physical proximity while secondary group lacks physical proximity and have boundaries.

Ans. Presence of group influences individual behaviour. The two phenomenon which are seen in the above example:

(1) Social Facilitation: Social Facilitation refers to phenomenon which suggests that presence of others influence the performance of the individual positively. The individual gets motivated and perform better in presence of others.

(2) Social Loafing: Social loafing refers to phenomenon which suggests that presence of others influence the performance of the individual negatively. In a group setting, the individual become dependent on others and fails to perform effectively. It leads to reduction in individual effort when working in a group task. As in the case of accident, where everybody ignored the accident and went away.

Ans. Compliance refers to behaving in response to a request from another person or group in absence of any norm. The techniques used are:

Foot in the door technique: In this, the person begins with small request which is followed by a large request. Since the person complies on small request, the subsequent large request is easily accepted.

Deadline Technique: In this, a deadline is declared which creates hurry and mental pressure to comply. For example, sales are declared with a deadline date so people are forced to binge buy in those particular dates.

The face in the door technique: In involves making initial large and unreasonable request which is generally refused, followed by a easier and acceptable request. The small request is the ultimate request to be fulfilled.

Ans. Interpersonal physical distance is distance maintained by human beings when interacting with others in social situations. According to Edward Hall, there are four types of space:

Intimate Distance: It is up to 18 inches. This is the distance which we maintain when interacting with our closed ones. It is in reference to private talks where people come closer and whisper softly.

Personal Distance: The range of distance is from 18 inches to 4feet. This is maintained when interacting with friends, relatives, etc.

Social Distance: The range of distance is from 4 feet to 10 feet. This is usually observed in formal groups and discussions.

Public Distance: The range of distance is more than 10 feet. This is usually seen when addressing a public meeting. Awareness campaign and rallies are addressed using public distance. Crowd are addressed by this distance.

Ans. Clinical formulation is referred to formulation of problem of client in a therapeutic model for designing a treatment. The steps involved are as follows:

(1) Understanding of the problem: The therapist is able to understand the full implications of the distress which is being experienced by client.

(2) Identification of the areas of treatment in psychotherapy: The theoretical formulation clearly identifies problem areas which need to be targetted. For example, if a client seeks help for inability to express his disagreement to peer, the clinical formulation in behaviour therapy would identify it as lack of assertiveness skills. The target area identified will be inability to asser! oneself.

(3) Choice of techniques for treatment: The treatment will depend on the therapeutic system in which the therapist has received training. But choice of techniques, timing of the techniques, and expectations of outcome of the therapy depend upon the clinical formulation.

Ans. Neurodevelopmental disorder (DSM-V, 2013) begins in the developmental stage, typically before the child begins grade school. The signs of this disorder constitute as a deficiency in producing personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning. The deficit can vary from very specific limitations of learning or control of executive functions to global impairments of social skills or intelligence. These types of disorders often co-exist with one another, for example a child with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) will often also have some type of a learning disorder. These disorders consist of:

• Intellectual Disabilities

• Communication Disorders

• Autism Spectrum Disorder

• Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

• Specific Learning Disorder Motor Disorders

• Other Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Ans. Anxiety is usually defined as a diffuse, vague, very unpleasant feeling of fear and apprehension. High levels of anxiety that are distressing and interfere with effective functioning indicate the presence of an anxiety-disorder.

Types-

• Generalized Anxiety Disorder – It consists of prolonged, vague, unexplained and intense fears that are not attached to any particular object.

• Panic Disorder – recurrent anxiety attacks in which the person experiences intense terror. A panic attack denotes an abrupt surge of intense anxiety rising to a peak when thoughts of a particular stimulus are present. Such thoughts do not follow any pattern. .

• Phobia –  irrational fears related to specific objects, people, or situations. Phobias often develop gradually or begin with a generalised anxiety disorder.

• SAD – Individuals with separation anxiety disorder are fearful and anxious about separation from attachment figures to an extent that is developmentally not appropriate.

Ans. Life skills are abilities for positive and adaptive behaviour which help us to meet demands of daily life without harming our mental health. The life skills that can be learned by students are:

(1) Assertiveness Training: The student should learn quality of assertiveness and should know when to say no or yes to any demand. Most of the students face difficulty saying no and suffers a lot. It is basically communicating one’s thought effectively and confidently without hesitation in a polite manner.

(2) Rational Thinking: Most of the stress is induced in nature which emerges from irrational thinking. The student should be able to think rationally by looking at different perspectives. To practice this, one should challenge their own irrational thoughts and beliefs.

(3) Time Management: Management of time is a life skill which needs to be learned by everyone so that they can maximise their potential.

(4) Self-Care: It is our prime responsibility to take care of oneself. One needs to appreciate oneself and give some ‘me’ time so that we can recharge ourselves daily.

(5) Improving Communication skills: Whatever is communicated, should be received by the receiver as it is, is very crucial. One should be able to listen to other’s need and communicate effectively one’s requirement.

Ans. Stress is inevitable in present scenario but can be managed. There are several factors that act as stress buffers and facilitate positive health. They are:

(1) Balanced Diet: Balanced diet consisting of required vitamins, minerals, carbs and fats should be taken. Balanced diet helps in lifting one’s mood, provides adequate energy, improves blood circulation, prevents illness. Physical illness often leads to stress cycle which deteriorates health condition so it is advisable to take balanced diet for healthy life.

(2) Exercise or Physical Workout: Studies have shown positive correlation between physical health and exercise. The food consumed is digested properly and body remains active. It also ensures good sleep which is very crucial for healthy life. Physical exercise like jogging, swimming, walking, etc. has calming effect and helps release tension and anxiety.

(3) Positive Thinking: Holding positive thinking makes any task more manageable. Whatever we feed our brain, our brain responds accordingly. Optimist use problem focused coping and tend to seek help from others.

(4) Positive Attitude: Positive attitude refers to having real approach towards life, sense of responsibility, acceptance of other’s view. The more realistic approach an individual holds, the more he is aware of diversity and is able to accept reality.

(5) Social Support: It refers to existence and availability of people on whom we can rely, who support and care for us. Having such people makes life easy as we can unburden our thoughts freely without having fear of being judged. Thus, these are some ways through which we can manage our stress and lead a healthy and happy life.

Ans. Regression: Responding to threatening situation in a way which is used by toddlers.

Ans. Displacement: Redirecting emotional response from dangerous object to safe object.

Projection: Transferring one’s unacceptable motives or impulses to others.

Read the case and answer the question that follows:

Ramesh is working in a MNC and receive handsome salary. He is married and has two kids. Ramesh owns a big house in Delhi. His children studies in a reputed school. His wife also works in MNC. The parents are financially independent as they receive pension. Ramesh visits to his friends on monthly basis. Though Ramesh possess all the necessities in life, still he finds something lacking. He is bored with his routine life and is unable to find meaning of his life. He is not happy with himself and is thinking to seek therapy for himself. He discussed his situation with one of his friend.

Ans. Humanistic Existential Therapy

Ans. Merits:

(1) Helps individual to achieve their full potential. (2) Makes individual self-aware so that they can. explore their true potential and can have meaningful life.