SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER (2021-22)
PSYCHOLOGY
TERM II
CLASS 12
Time: 2 Hrs Max. Marks: 35
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
- The paper has 12 questions.
- All questions are compulsory.
- Section A- Question number 1 to 3 are 2 marks each. The answer to these questions must not exceed 40 words.
- Section B- Question number 4 to 6 are 3-marks questions. The answer to these questions should not exceed 80 words.
- Section C- Question number 7-10 are 4-marks questions. The answer to these questions should not exceed 120 words.
- Section D has one case study. There are 2 questions based on this case study, Question No 11 and 12. Each question carries 2 marks. Answer to these questions should not exceed 40 words. Answer both questions.
SECTION A
1. What are the factors that influence formation of attitude?
Ans. The following factors provide the context for the learning of attitude through various processes:
(i) Family and School Environment: Parents and other family-members play a significant role in attitude formation. Learning of attitudes within the family and school usually takes place by association, through rewards.
(ii) Reference Groups: Attitudes towards political, religious and social groups, occupations, national and other issues are often developed through reference groups. Reference groups indicate to an individual the norms regarding acceptable behaviour and ways of thinking. Various institutions, religion, culture and communities are form of reference groups.
(iii) Personal Experiences: Many attitudes are formed, not in the family environment or through reference groups, but through direct personal experiences which bring about a drastic change in our attitude towards people and our own life.
(iv) Media Related Influence: Technological advances have made audio-visual media and internet as very powerful sources for attitude formation. School textbooks also influence attitude formation. The media can be used to create consumerist attitude. The media can exert both good and bad influences on attitudes.
2. Discrimination can exist without Prejudice and vice versa. Elaborate on the statement.
Ans. Prejudices can exist without being shown in the form of discrimination. Similarly, discrimination can be shown without prejudice.
(i) Wherever prejudice and discrimination exist, conflicts are very likely to arise between groups within the same society.
(ii) We all witnessed many instances of discrimination, with and without prejudice, based on gender, religion, community, caste, physical handicap, and illnesses such as AIDS.
(iii) Moreover, in many cases, discriminatory behaviour can be curbed by law. But, the cognitive and emotional components of prejudice are more difficult to change.
3. Examine any 4 goals of psychotherapies.
Ans. (i) Reinforcing client’s resolve for betterment
(ii) Lessening emotional pressure
(iii) Unfolding the potential for positive growth
(iv) Modifying habits
(v) Changing thinking patterns
(vi) Increasing self-awareness
(vii) Improving interpersonal relations and communications
(viii) Facilitating decision making
(ix) Becoming aware of one’s choices in life
OR
Which are the 4’Ds of abnormality?
Ans. The 4’Ds of abnormality are:
(i) DEVIANCE – Different, extreme, unusual, even bizarre
(ii) DISTRESS – Unpleasant and upsetting to person and to others
(iii) DYSFUNCTIONAL – Interfering with a person’s ability to carry out daily activities in a constructive manner.
(iv) DANGEROUS – To a person and others.
SECTION B
4. Discuss the various techniques used in behaviour therapy.
Ans. the techniques used in behavioural therapy are not based on any unified theory. These are developed on the basis of various principles particularly on classified conditioning, operant conditioning and modelling. The main objective of the techniques is to modify maladaptive behaviour. Negative reinforcement and aversive conditioning are the two major techniques of behaviour modification.
REINFORCEMENT
(i) Negative Reinforcement: It refers to following an undesired response with an outcome that is painful or not liked. For example, a mother may cover her son’s thumb with a bitter NEEM paste so that he should not develop habit of thumb sucking. Due to the bitterness, the child tries to avoid or withdraw the bitterness of thumb and will leave the habit of thumb-sucking.
(ii) Aversive conditioning: It is establishing relationship between undesirable behavior and aversive consequences.
(a) Aversive therapy is a therapeutic technique which uses an unpleasant stimulus to change a deviant behaviour.
(b) It works by pairing together the stimulus that normally invites the deviant behavior (such as an alcoholic drink or sexual image) with an unpleasant (aversive) stimulus such as an electric shock or a nausea-inducing drug, with repeated presentations.
(c) The two stimuli become associated and the person develops an aversion towards the stimulus that formerly gave rise to the deviant behavior.
(iii) Positive Reinforcement: If an adaptive behavior occurs, positive reinforcement may be used by the therapist. For example, the child’s mother may prepare child’s favourite dish on the day when most of the time child was being observed not keeping his thumb in the mouth.
Token Economy: A behavior therapy is based on positive reinforcement.
(a) A package or deal is being established between the therapist and the client.
(b) Persons with behavioral problems can be given a token as a reward every time a wanted behavior occurs.
5. A client approaches a therapist to overcome her/his phobia for heights. Describe a behavioural technique that the therapist might choose to help her/him to overcome this phobia of heights.
Ans. Systematic Desensitization can be used in the case of the client’s more severe fear-provoking situations while maintaining the relaxation.
- The therapist prepares a hierarchy of anxiety-provoking stimuli with the least anxiety-provoking stimuli at the bottom of the hierarchy. E.g., the fear of lifts.
- Each session is accompanied by relaxation exercises. Over sessions, the client is able to imagine.
- The client gets systematically desensitized to the fear.
OR
Groups differ in many respects. Identify the characteristics that distinguish primary groups from secondary groups.
Ans. 1. Primary group:
– pre-existing formations,
– face-to-face interaction and members have close physical proximity,
– central to individual’s functioning,
– boundaries are less permeable.
2. Secondary groups:
– individuals join by choice,
– impersonal, indirect,
– and less frequent relationships among members;
– easy to leave and join.
6. What are the important elements of group structure?
Ans. The important elements of group structure are:
(i) Roles are socially defined expectations that individuals in a given situation are expected to fulfil. Roles refer to the typical behavior that depicts a person in a given social context. You have the role of a son or a daughter and with this role, there are certain role expectations, i.e, including the behavior expected of someone in a particular role. As a daughter or a son, you are expected to respect elders, listen to them and be responsible towards your studies.
(ii) Norms are expected standards of behavior and beliefs established, agreed upon and enforced by group members. They may be considered group’s ‘unspoken rules’. In your family, there are norms that guide the behavior of family members.
(iii) Status refers to the relative social position given to group members by others. This relative position or status maybe either ascribed (given may be because of one’s seniority) or achieved (the person has achieved status because of expertise or hard work). By being members of the group, we enjoy the status associated with that group. All of us, therefore, strive to be members of such groups which are high in status or are viewed favourably by others.
(iv) Cohesiveness refers to togetherness, binding, or mutual attraction among group members. As the group becomes more cohesive, group members start to think, feel and act as a social unit, and less like isolated individuals. Members of a highly cohesive group have a greater desire to remain in the group in comparison to those who belong to low cohesive groups. Cohesiveness refers to the team spirit or ‘we feeling’ or a sense of belongingness to the group. It is difficult to leave a cohesive group or to gain membership of a group which is highly cohesive.
SECTION C
7. What are the factors that contribute to healing in psychotherapy? Enumerate some of the alternative therapies.
Ans. There are several factors which contribute to the healing process. Some of these factors are as follows:
(i) The techniques adopted by the therapist and the implementation of the same with the client.
(ii) The quality of therapeutic alliance-the regular availability of the therapist, and the warmth and empathy provided by the therapist has its importance.
(iii) The quality of emotional unburdening (catharsis) has significant impact on healing.
(iv) Non-specific factors associated with psychotherapy. These are patient variable and therapist variable.
(v) Patient variable, refers to attributed to the client, e.g., client’s motivation for change and expectation of improvement due to the treatment, etc. Therapist variable refers to his/her good mental health, absence of his/her unresolved emotional conflicts and expertise.
Alternative therapies are so called, because they are alternative treatment possibilities to the conventional drug treatment or psychotherapy. There are many alternative therapies such as yoga, meditation, herbal remedies and so on.
(i) Yoga is an ancient Indian technique detailed in the Ashtanga Yoga of Patanjali’s Yoga Sutra. Yoga, as it is commonly called today either refers to only the asanas or body positive component or to breathing practices or pranayama or to a combination of the two.
(ii) Meditation refers to the practice of focusing attention on breath or an object or thought or a mantra.
(iii) Vipasana Meditation, also known as mindfulness-based meditation, has no fixed object or thought to hold the attention. The person possibly observes the various bodily sensations and thoughts that are passing through his awareness.
(iv) The rapid breathing techniques to induce hyperventilation as in Sudarshana Kriya Yoga (SKY) is found to be a beneficial, low-risk, low-cost, adjunct to the treatment of stress, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) depression, stress-related medical illness, substance abuse, and rehabilitations of criminal offenders.
(v) Kundalini Yoga taught in USA has found to be effective in treating mental disorders, obsessive compulsive disorder. It combines pranayama or breathing with chanting of mantras.
OR
Explain the importance of therapeutic relationships in psychotherapy. State the ethical standards in psychotherapy.
Ans. Different types of psychotherapy are – Psycho dynamic uses, methods of free association and dream
interpretation to illicit intra psychic conflicts.
Behavioural identifies faulty conditioning patterns and sets up alternate behavioural contingencies to improve behaviour. This therapy uses different techniques to treat different disorders.
Cognitive
Negative thinking, irrational beliefs and faulty generalisation are the cause of all disorders. e.g., Beck’s cognitive therapy and cognitive behavioural therapy.
Humanistic- Existential
Inability to find meaning in life and personal growth
Bio-medical
Disorders are treated using drugs. In case they fail, ECT is given.
Alternative Therapies
When conventional therapies are not helping then alternate methods such as Yoga and meditation are used.
Principles of Humanistic -Existential theory
Inability to find meaning and fulfilment in life.
Inability to find meaning in life and personal growth.
Curbing of growth needs by society and family leads to psychological distress.
Therapist as facilitator and guide provides therapy in permissive, non-judgemental and accepting environment.
Aim of therapy is to expand the client’s awareness
8. What do you understand by substance abuse and dependence?
Disorders relating to maladaptive behaviors resulting from regular and consistent use of the substance involved are called substance abuse disorders.
These disorders include problems associated with using and abusing such drugs as alcohol, cocaine and which alter the way people think, feel and behave. There are two sub-groups of substance-abuse disorders: –
(i) Substance Dependence refers to intense craving for the substance to which the person is addicted. The person shows tolerance, withdrawal symptoms and compulsive drug taking. Tolerance means that the person has to use more and more of a substance to get the same effect.
Withdrawal refers to physical symptoms that occur when a person stops or cuts down on the use of a psychoactive substance, i.e., a substance that has the ability to change an individual’s consciousness, mood and thinking processes.
(ii) Substance Abuse refers to recurrent and significant adverse consequences related to the use of substances.
People, who regularly consume drugs, damage their family and social relationships, perform poorly at work, and create physical hazards.
Substance abuse disorders are a joint result of physiological dependence and psychological dependence.
Physiological dependence refers to withdrawal symptoms, i.e., the excessive dependence of the body on drugs.
Psychological dependence, on the other hand, refers to the strong craving for a drug because of its pleasurable effects.
The three most common forms of substance abuse are:
• Alcohol abuse and dependence
• Heroin abuse and dependence
• Cocaine abuse and dependence
• Alcohol abuse and dependence
• People, who abuse alcohol, drink large amounts regularly and rely on it to help them face difficult situations.
• Eventually, the drinking interferes with their social behavior and ability to think and work.
• For many people the pattern of alcohol abuse extends to dependence. That is, their bodies build up a tolerance for alcohol and they need to drink even greater amounts to feel its effects.
• They also experience withdrawal responses when they stop drinking. Alcoholism destroys millions of families and careers.
• Intoxicated drivers are responsible for many road accidents.
• It also has serious effects in the children of persons with this disorder.
• These children have higher rates of psychological problems. Eg- anxiety.
• Depression, phobias aid substance-related disorders.
• Excessive drinking can seriously damage physical health. Some of the ill effects of alcohol can
be seen on health and psychological functioning.
Heroin Abuse and Dependence:
• Heroin intake significantly interferes with social and occupational functioning.
• Most abusers further develop a dependence on heroin, revolving their lives around the substance, building up a tolerance for it and. experiencing a withdrawal reaction when they stop taking it.
• The most direct danger of heroin abuse is an overdose, which slows down the respiratory centers in the brain, almost paralyzing breathing, arid in many cases causing death.
• Regular use of cocaine may lead to a pattern of abuse in which the person may be intoxicated throughout the day and function poorly in social relationships and at work.
• It may also cause problem in short-term memory and attention.
• Dependence may develop, so that cocaine dominates the person’s life., more of the drug is needed to get the desired effects and stopping it results in feeling of depression, fatigue, sleep problems, irritability and anxiety.
• Cocaine poses serious dangerous effects on psychological functioning and physical well-being.
9. You like pets. Your mother dislikes pets and you both share a positive bond. Explain this triad and which theory is being referred here.
Ans. The concept of balance, proposed by Fritz Heider is sometimes described in the form of the ‘P-O-X’ triangle, which represents the relationships between three aspects or components of the attitude. P is the person whose attitude is being studied, O is another person, and X is the topic towards which the attitude is being studied (attitude object). It is also possible that all three are persons.
Imbalance is found when:
(i) all three sides of the P-O-X triangle are negative, or
(ii) two sides are positive and one side is negative.
Balance is found when:
(i) all three sides are positive, or
(ii) two sides.
Make triads of the same quoting the example.
10. What is behaviour attitude relationship?
Ans. Psychologists have found that there would be consistency between attitudes and behavior when:
(i) The attitude is strong, and occupies a central place in the attitude system.
(ii) The person is aware of her/his attitude.
(iii) There is very little or no external pressure for the person to behave in a particular way. For example, when there is no group pressure to follow a particular norm.
(iv) The person’s behavior is not being watched or evaluated by others, and the person thinks that the behavior would have a positive consequence, and therefore, intends to engage in that behavior.
OR
Diya, your friend, eats too much junk food. How would you be able to bring about a change in his/her attitude towards food?
Ans. The concept of cognitive dissonance was proposed by Leon Festinger.
The cognitive components of an attitude must be ‘consonant’ (opposite of ‘dissonant’), i.e., they should be logically in line with each other. If an individual find that two cognitions in an attitude are. dissonant, then one of them will be changed in the direction of consonance.
Explanation of cognitive consistency to reduce mental discomfort.
Explanation by referring to Radhika.
Detailed Answer:
Since my friend eats junk food, it will have some reinforcing value to her. In order to bring about a
change in his/her attitude towards food, following techniques could be used:
First of all, what needs to be targeted is ‘the way she thinks about junk food, i.e., the cognitive aspect of his/her positive attitude towards junk food. The modification in his/ her attitude can be achieved through using rational as well as emotional appeal and, if required, help of a dietician whose credibility in this area is very high will be of great use.
Attitude change may be brought about by:
(i) Encouraging him/her to read about what is required for a healthy development, e.g., minerals etc. which are not found in junk food.
(ii) Showing him/her the negative consequences of eating junk food like obesity, other health-related problems by exposing him/her to real life examples.
(iii) Request people around him/her like family-members, elders and teachers whom he/ she likes. If they provide a role model, i.e., not to consume junk food then he/she will imitate their behaviour.
(iv) Giving his/her choice and space to decide what is right for him/her considering both the aspects of the food and asking him/her to focus and think about the future problems associated with his/her liking. All these things can bring about cognitive dissonance which might ultimately bring about the attitude change.
SECTION D
Evelyn, a 36 years old homeworker and mother of two school age children (previous marriage), began to drink in excess following intense disagreements with her husband, John, a manager of a retail and on two occasions was inebriated when they came home. On one recent occasion, Evelyn failed to pick up her older daughter after a school event. Her daughter called John’s cell phone (he was out of town on a business trip) and he had the assistant pick her up. When they arrived home. Evelyn (apparently unaware of the problem she had caused) created a scene and was verbally abusive towards the assistant. Her out of control drinking increased when her husband of 3 years began staying out all night. These emotionally charged encounters resulted in John’s physically abusing her one morning when he came back home after a night stay. John moved out of the house and filed for divorce.
11. What is substance abuse and substance dependence?
Ans. Substance dependence – There is intense cravings for substance to which the person is addicted, and shows tolerance withdrawal symptoms and compulsive drug taking.
Tolerance – A person has to take more and more of the substance to get the same effect.
Withdrawal – Physical symptoms a person shows when a person stops or cuts down use of substances.
Substance abuse – Recurrent and significant adverse consequences related to use of substances.
12. How did the particular substance abuse and dependence affect an individual’s personal life in the context of Evelyn’s life?
Ans. (i) Need to drink a large amount to face situations in daily life.
(ii) Drinking interferes with social behaviour
(iii) Distorted way of thinking which can affect work life.
(iv) Destroy family and career life.
(v) Intoxicated drivers are responsible for car accidents
(vi) Serious effects on children of persons with disorder.