Class XII – Political Science Sample Paper – 3

Ans. (A) Technology is an important cause of globalisation.

Explanation: Technology is an important cause of globalisation. Globalisation has resulted in the spread of technology all over world.

Ans. (D) (A) is correct but (R) is incorrect.

Explanation: It is correct that Globalisation deals with flows of ideas, capital, commodities and people. But Reason is incorrect because Some economists have described economic globalisation as colonization of the world.

Ans. (D) Euro

Explanation: Name of the currency of the European Union is Euro. On 1 January 1999, 11 EU countries launched the ‘euro’ as their new common currency.

Ans. (B) 5,10

Explanation: The Council is composed of 15 Members: Five permanent members: China, France, Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, and the United States, and ten non-permanent members elected for two-year terms by the General Assembly.

Ans. (C) Bangladesh

Explanation: India has played an important role in the independence of Bangladesh. Formerly Bangladesh was part of Pakistan.

Ans. (B) Mikhail Gorbachev

Explanation: Mikhail Gorbachev was the 8th and last leader of the Soviet Union. Mikhail Gorbachev was also known for his economic reforms in the USSR such as Perestroika and Glasnost.

Ans. (A) Only A

Explanation: The Dravidian movement started in Tamil Nadu. Option (B) is incorrect because Jammu Kashmir was given special status under article 370.

Ans. (A) A.- iii B.- i C.- ii D.- iv

Explanation: Charan Singh was a known farmer, P.C Mahalanobis was the planner of Industrialisation, Zoning is related with the Bihar famine and Verghese Kurien started the Milk Cooperatives.

Ans. (C) Both (A) and (R) are incorrect.

Explanation: Reason is correct that the Grand Alliance was formed by non-Communist non- Congress parties. But Assertion is incorrect because Grand Alliance did not have clean political and ideological programme.

Ans. (D) Ram Manohar Lohia

Explanation: The Congress Socialist Party was founded in 1934 by Jai Prakash Narayan and Ram Manohar Lohia.

Ans. (D) V. P. Singh

Explanation: V.P Singh was the Prime Minister when the Mandal Commission’s recommendations were implemented in the year 1990.

Ans. (B) iii. i. ii. iv.

Explanation: Bombay Plan (1944), Establishment Election Commission of India (25 Jan 1950), Establishment of Yojna Aayog (15 March 1950), .First general election (1951-52).

Ans. A list of practices for achieving sustainable development was recommended at the Rio conference in Brazil in the year 1992. It was called Agenda 21.

Ans. Traditional security involves attack from another country. It threatens the central values of a country like sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity etc.

Ans. • International Monetary Fund (IMF)

• World Trade Organisation (WTO)

Ans. The major land reforms in India were:

• Abolition of the Zamindari economic system.

• Land consolidation by joining small pieces of land in one place.

Ans. In the 1957 legislative elections in the Indian state of Kerala.

Ans. The Punjab agreement was signed in July 1985 between Akali Chief Harchand Singh Longowal and Rajiv Gandhi.

Ans. The 1947 partition is one of the most historical event that has occurred in India’s past. The major reason behind the partition was the ‘divide and rule’ policy followed by the British which resulted in communal tensions all over the country.

The main causes that lead to the partition of India are:

• Muslim League’s demand for two-nation theory: The Muslim League initially failed to be an influential organisation due to its narrow and conservative approach. Also, there was difference of opinion between the members of Muslim League and the Congress. Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s two-nation theory was actually a slogan for the creation of a separate nation for Indian Muslims. • Communal Reaction: Communalism in the country grew more and more due to the conflicting interests and differing opinions between certain Hindu and Muslim sections. Devout Hindus also formed several organizations such as the Hindu Maha Sabha. Due to the rising coummuanal incidents, the fear of Muslim League gained strength and they eventually raised the slogan for the creation of a separate Muslim nation.

Initially, the Congress leaders were not in the favour of a partition and made remarkable efforts to avoid the division of the homeland by coming up with ways to compromise with the Muslim League. However, after a series of unsuccessful discussions with the Muslim League, the Congress also accepted that the only way to get rid of this problem was to partition India. It adopted the partition formula laid down in Lord Mountbatten’s 3rd June Plan.

Ans. Some of the major reasons behind the imposition of the 1975 emergency of India are as follows:

– Economic Crisis

– Public Discontent (Gujarat movement, Bihar movement)

-Naxalites Movement – Employees'” Discontent

– Railway Strike of 1974

-Conflicts with judiciary

-Immediate Cause -The 5th General Election & Indira Gandhi: On 12 June 1975, Justice Jagmohan Lal Sinha passed a judgment declaring Indira Gandhi’s election to the Lok Sabha invalid.

She could not remain the PM unless she was once again elected as an MP in Lok Sabha within 6 months. On 24 June 1975, the Supreme Court granted her a partial stay on the High Court’s order but she could not take part in the proceedings of the Lok Sabha. Therefore, at midnight of 25^th June 1975, National Emergency was imposed on the basis of ‘Internal Disturbance’ as mentioned in Article 352.

Ans. The peace and prosperity of every country depends on the creation and strengthening of regional economic organizations because when regional economic organizations are formed, it promotes agriculture, industries, trade, transport, economic institutions etc. If these economic organizations are formed then people will get employment in primary, secondary and tertiary sectors. Hence, employment eliminates Creation economic poverty. organizations brings prosperity to nations. The main indicator of prosperity is the increase in the national income and the per capita income.

Ans. • Due to the excesses of the government, there was activation in government employees and machinery. For a whilethe imposed discipline appeared but the end of the 18-month crisis was announced. The political awareness shown by the opposition parties and the voters has proved that even the biggest dictatorial leader cannot make democracy go away from India.

• Good reforms were made in the constitution after the emergency. Now emergency could be imposed in forceful situation. This could happen only if the cabinet gave such advice to the President in writing.

• The role of protecting the civil rights of the people will remain active in the courts even during the emergency and the protection of civil rights started with alacrity.

Ans. According to the traditional belief, the security of a country depends on the internal peace and law and order. If bloodshed is taking place within a country or there is a possibility of it happening, then that nation cannot be regarded as safe. Only a nation that is safe from internal threats will be able to defend itself in times of external threats. For this reason, the traditional concept of security has an essential relationship with internal security as well.

Ans. To strengthen military capabilities: India has been involved in conflicts with its neighbours as Pakistan in 1947-48, in 1965, in 1971and in 1999 and with China in 1962. In the South Asian region, India is surrounded by nuclear armed countries and that is the reason India needs to strengthen it’s military capabilities.

• Respect for international institutions: India’s first Prime Minister J. L. Nehru supported Asian solidarity, disarmament, decolonisation and the UN as a forum to settle down international conflict.

• India took initiatives to bring about a universal and non- discriminatory non- proliferation regime to enjoy some rights and obligations with respect to weapons of mass destruction.

• Solving security related internal problems: Several militant groups from areas such as Nagaland, Mizoram, Punjab, Kashmir have sought to break away from India.

• India makes efforts to preserve national unity by adopting a democratic political system by providing freedom of speech and expression along with the right to vote.

• Economic development: India develops the way to lift vast mass of citizens out of poverty, misery and huge economic inequalities.

Ans. Areas or regions outside the jurisdiction of any state and region, under the common management of the international community, are the Global Commons, i.e. the Earth’s atmosphere, the Antarctic floor and outer space. Some of the reasons why the Global Commons are exploited and polluted are because of:

– Vague scientific evidence,

– the lack of consensus on common environmental issues by different nations.

-The inequalities between North and South and their exploitative activities and competition. They also lack proper spatial management.

– Technological and industrial developments have also affected the Earth’s atmosphere and ocean floor.

Ans. (A) First world war

Explanation: The First World War (1914-1918) encouraged the world to invest in an international organisation to deal with conflicts.

Ans. (C) War

Explanation: Some experts of International Relations believed that International organisations would help the world to avoid wars.

Ans. (B) World Trade Organisation

Explanation: The UN was founded as a successor to the League of Nations. It was established in 1945 immediately after the Second World War.

Ans. (B) Second world war

Explanation: League of Nations failed to prevent the Second World War and that is the reason the United Nation was formed.

Ans.

Ans. • Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru is addressing the people in the Cartoon.

• The people sitting in the Cartoon are starved people who symbolise poverty within India.

• Cartoon is highlighting the Third five year plan. Main aim of this plan is to make a balance between agriculture and industry for achieving take off position.

Ans. Mikhail Gorbachev became the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in the year 1985 and sought to reform the ailing system by introducing the economic and political reforms named ‘perestroika’ and ‘glasnosť, thus initiating change in the system. He introduced reforms to transform the Soviet Union, but this hastened its collapse, the removal of price controls crashed the markets, the Soviet black market economy flourished, there was collapse of the value of the Russian ruble currency, rising inflation rates, shortages of consumer goods and hoarding resulted in public unrest, mismanagement of fiscal policy made the country vulnerable to external factors. In 1991, there was a coup supported by hardliners of the Communist Party. However, the people did not want the old style government and wanted freedom.

Ans. • After the end of the Second World War, the Soviet Union emerged as a superpower. Except for America, the economy of the Soviet Union was much more developed than the rest of the world.

• The communication system of the Soviet Union was very much advanced. It had vast energy resources including minerals, oil, iron and steel and machinery products.

• Even the far-flung areas of the Soviet Union were connected with each other due to the well-organised and vast system of transportation.

• The domestic consumer industry of the Soviet Union was also very advanced and everything from pins to cars was produced there. Although, the goods. manufactured in the consumer industry of the Soviet Union were not at the level of Western countries in terms of quality.

• The government of the Soviet Union had ensured a minimum standard of living for all its citizens. The government provided basic necessities like health care, education, child care and other public welfare items at subsidized rates. There was no unemployment.

• The main form of property was state ownership and apart from ownership of land and other productive assets, the state also had control over it.

• In the arms race, the Soviet Union from time to time gave direct competition to the United States.

Ans. There exist multiple social, economic, cultural and historical similarities between India and Pakistan.

• However, due to conflicting interests there have been ceratin India-Pakistan wars in the past. Such as in

1947-48, 1965, 1971, 1999.

Certain other unresolved issues between India- Pakistan are of the Kashmir military conflict, the arms race, terrorism and the Siachen Glacier dispute.

However, despite the differences there is a huge potential for India-Pakistan cooperation. Such as:

– Cultural (film, songs, drama, etc.)

– Sports field (cricket, hockey, etc.)

– Business (Cotton, Onion, Software, etc.)

– The need for greater cooperation in both countries for poverty alleviation, development, survival of democracy etc.

Ans. As an instrument of regional cooperation in the South Asian region, the SAARC organization has achieved the following achievements:

• The seven countries in the region have come very close to each other and this has reduced the visible tension between them.

• Due to SAARC organisation, mutual meetings are held among the countries of this region at short intervals. In which their small differences are easily resolved on their own and a sense of belongingness has developed between them.

• The countries of this region have emphasized on collective self-reliance for their economic and social development, which has reduced the influence of foreign powers in this region and these countries have started feeling more independent.

• SAARC has established a protected granary, which is an indicator of the strong sense of self-respect and self-reliance of the countries of the region.

Ans. The decisive victory in the war in 1971 led to national jubilation.

– After the war in 1971, parliamentary elections were held in most states, which brought large majorities to the Congress Party.

– Conflicts with neighbors derailed five-year plans. – Funds were redirected to the defense sector especially after 1962.

– The Ministry of Defense Production was established in November 1962.

-The Department of Defense Supplies was established in November 1965.

– The Third Five Year Plan (1961-66) was influenced and was followed by three annual plans.

– Fourth Five Year Plan could not be launched until 1969.

– India’s defense expenditure increased enormously after the wars.

Ans. Panchsheel means ‘five principles’. These principles form the core of our foreign policy. The word ‘Panchsheel’ was first used on 29 April 1954 for these five principles. The Pachsheel treaty was first signed Hem between India and China’s Tibet area. These are such principles that if all the countries of the world on follow them, peace can be established in the world. These five principles are as follows:

• To maintain each other’s integrity and sovereignty.

• Not attacking each other.

• Not interfering in each other’s internal affairs.

• Adhering to the principle of peaceful co-existence.

• Create a sense of equality and friendship among themselves.

According to Indian leaders and especially Jawaharlal Nehru, lasting international peace can be established by following the above principles.

Ans. In 1980, the Jana Sangh founded the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). The Bharatiya Janata Party adopted “Gandhian socialism” as its ideology. It did not gain much success in the elections held in the years 1980 and 1984. In 1986, the BJP criticized the Congress government for unnecessarily appeasing the minority community. BJP has also made Ram Mandir as its main election theme. However, the BJP emerged as a significant force after 1989. The BJP continued to consolidate its position in the elections of 1991 and 1996. It emerged as the single largest party in the 1996 elections. It came to power under the leadership of the ruling coalition (NDA) from May 1998 to June 1999 and was re-elected in October 1999 and completed its full term under the leadership of PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee. BJP got an absolute majority in the Lok Sabha elections held in May 2014 under the leadership of PM Narendra Modi. Again, in the 2019 Lok Sabha elections, BJP has emerged as the largest party at the centre by winning 303 seats again under the leadership of PM Narendra Modi.

Ans. In 1978 the central government appointed a Commission. The chairperson of this Commission was Bindeswari Prasad Mandal, therefore it is also known as the Mandal Commission. The Mandal Commission was set up to investigate the extent of educational and social backwardness among various sections of the Indian society and recommend ways of identifying these backward classes. It was also expected to give its recommendations on the ways in which this backwardness could be ended.

• Two Recommendations made by the Mandal Commission:

– Recommended reservation of 27% seats in educational institutions and government jobs.

– Recommended Land Reforms to improve the conditions of backward class.