Subject: Political Science
Class XII
Time Allowed: 3 hours
Maximum Marks: 80
General Instructions:
1. All questions are compulsory.
2. In Section A has 16 Objective Type Questions of one mark each.
3. Section B has 2 passage based questions 17 and 18 having Multiple Choice Questions of 1 mark each.
4. Section C – Question numbers 19-22 carry 2 marks. Answer to these questions should not be more than 40 words.
5. Section D – Question numbers 23-27 carry 4 marks. The answer to these questions should not exceed 100
6. Section E – Question number 28-29 are related to map and cartoon questions carrying 5 marks each.
7. Section F – Question numbers 30-32 carry 6 marks each. Answer to these questions should not exceed 150 words each.
Section – A
1. The United Nations gave an early definition of Indigenous in 1982. What was it?
Ans. Natives are considered to be descendants of such people who have been living in an existing country for a long time, then people of culture or ethnic origin came here from another country and make these people their slaves.
2. What is the general meaning of globalization?
Ans. Common meaning: flow
The flow of ideas, persons, goods, resources and capital between different countries.
3. What was the name of the speech given by Nehru on the midnight of 14-15 August?
a) The long awaited meeting with the fateful bride
b) Two nation theory
c) Call for freedom
d) None of these
4. When was NITI Aayog established?
Ans. 1st January 2015
5. Write any two results of spring.
Ans. a) Not completely successful
b) Profit happened on in Tunisia
c) Libya and Syria were completely destroyed
d) Military rule became stronger in some countries.
6. Write any one feature of the flag of ASEAN.
Ans. Flag of ASEAN: The ten paddy earning represent the ten countries of Southeast Asia that are bound together by the thread of friendship and unity. The circle symbolizes the unity of ASEAN
7. Changing the process of governance is a common practice in Pakistan. In the context of the statement, which are the correct reasons for the non-permanence of democracy in Pakistan?
a) Army religious leaders and landlords are still the social clout of the people.
b) America and other western countries promoted military rule to serve their selfish interests with Pakistan.
c) Pakistan was seen as a worldwide Islamic terrorism organization
d) All of the above
8. When was UNICEF established and what is its purpose?
Ans. Established: 11th December 1946
Initial Purpose: To provide food and health services to the children of nations destroyed in World War II.
UNICEF was established for child education, health and welfare.
9. A scholarly group ‘Club of Rome’ published a book in 1972. Write the name of his balancer.
Ans. Limits to Growth
10. Which forum was established at the world level against globalization and where did its first meeting take place?
Ans. Forum: WSF – World Social Forum
Place: First – Held in January 2001 in Porto Alegre (Brazil), Fourth: January 2004 in Mumbai (India), Sixteenth: March 2018 in Salvador, Bahia (Brazil)
11. When and how did the BRICS organization become first BRIC and later BRICS?
Ans. BRICS was earlier BRIC, in its first conference, 4 countries were involved.
First Conference: 16th June 2009 (Yakitrin (Russia): Presided over by Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva (Brazil), Dmitry Medvedev (Russia), Manmahan Singh (India) and Hu Jintao (China)
Second Conference: 15 April 2010 (Brazil), south Africa was also included in BRICS (24 December)
12. What do you understand by ‘new World Order’?
Ans. New World Order: When Iraq attacked Kuwait in August 1990, it rapidly occupied it. Then all diplomatic efforts to convince Iraq failed, then the United Nations allowed the use of force to liberate Kuwait, similarly US President George Bush gave this name.
13. In the elections of 1951, the Sri Lankan Freedom Party formed the government and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman took over the reins of the government. Write the statement supporting it.
Ans. Suleman Bhandar Nayke
14. Describe what was the two-nation theory?
Ans. Muslim League was the principle given by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, under this India was a country of two nations, they demanded a separate country for Muslims which was not accepted and Congress opposed it.
15. Choose the right reasons for India not getting permanent membership of the Security Council.
a) Countries holding veto power
b) Other strong contenders
c) India’s relations with neighbouring countries.
d) All of the above
16. Who prepared the second five-year plan?
Ans. P. C. Mahalanobis
Section – B
17. Read the following passage carefully and answer the following questions based on it.
In the traditional notion of security, it is believed that most of the threats to a country’s security come from outside its borders. The reason for this is the international system. In this ruthless field there is no central force capable of controlling the behaviour of countries. There is a well-known system to deal with the threats of violence within a country, it is called the government. But, there is no central authority in world politics that is over the bus.
17.1 Basic meaning of security
a) Freedom from danger
b) Freedom from life
c) Freedom from terrorism
d) carte blanche
17.2 What danger is warned to the country in the traditional notion of security?
a) External means by attack from another country
b) Internal means from disease, agitation, unemployment, communal violence, separation, naxalism etc.
c) Only 1 is correct
d) 1 and 2 are both correct
17.3. What are the new sources of security before the world?
a) rising trend of terrorism
b) human rights violation
c) Epidemics and global poverty
17.4 there are many strategies for India’s security.
a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) Four
18. Read the following passage carefully and answer the following questions based on it.
In this state of food crisis, the fear of external pressure on the country had increased. India had become dependent on foreign food aid, especially from the United States of America. In return, the United States of America made noise on India to change its economic policies. The government adopted a new strategy of agriculture to ensure food security.
18.1 Who is considered the father of Green Revolution in India?
a) M.S Swaminathan
b) Chaudhary Charan Singh
c) P.C Mahallowis
d) K.N. Raj
18.2 What are the positive consequences of Green Revolution?
a) India became self-reliant in the field of food.
b) In the field of food grains, India had become an exporter from an importer
c) Agricultural implements and industries developed
d) Farmers across the country benefitted from the Green Revolution
18.3 What are the negative consequences of Green Revolution?
a) The benefits of Green Revolution did not go to the entire farmers
b) Rich farmers and rich and poor farmers became poorer
d) All of the above
18.4 In independent India, famine was established in the decade.
a) 1930
b) 1940
c) 1980
d) 1960
Section – C
19. Various problems are spread in the environment. Write any four.
Ans. a) The cultivable land is depleting and the fertility potential is getting exhausted.
b) The stock of fodder and fish in the pasture is decreasing
c) Water pollution is increasing and water scarcity is happening
d) Indiscriminate deforestation is causing damage to trees and environment.
e) Various species are becoming extinct under the biodiversity
f) There is a hole in the ozone layer
g) Pollution of seaside areas is increasing
20. Write any four arguments against globalization.
Ans. Globalization is being criticized all over the world, both left and right wing people have opposed it.
a) Globalization is the system of capitalism, it is making rich richer and poor poorer.
b) The state is weakening due to globalization and is no longer able to protect the interests of the poor.
c) The government is abdicating its responsibilities.
d) When the state weakened in the political sense, they want the era of economic self-reliance and ‘protectionism’ to be restored, at least on some areas.
e) In the cultural sense, there is concern that traditional culture will be lost and people will lose their age old value and ways of life.
f) Countries with similar thinking are making power together, due to which the developing country starts to fear.
21. What do you understand by Operation Flood?
Ans. Operation Flood has been the main phase of the milk revolution.
a) In the 1960s, Varghese Kurien, popularly known as the Milk Man of India, started a movement for cooperative milk production from Anand, a city in Gujarat, under which he collected milk from village to village and gave money to the people of the village.
b) In order to spread the production of milk at the central level, it was added at the central level under Operation Flood in 1970, which covers about 25 lakh milk producers.
22. Write any four features of the unconventional concept of security.
OR
Pandemic is a huge cause as a new source of danger before the world. Explain with any four arguments.
Ans. Military threats and widespread threats to human existence.
a) The security of citizens is considered more than the security of the states.
b) Three more elements of security: what things to protect, what threats to protect and methods of protection.
c) “Not only the state, individuals and communities or, say, the whole humanity, need security”. That is why the unconventional notion of security is called ‘protection of humanity’ or ‘world-defiance’.
d) In the broadcast view of protecting humanity, the emphasis is on “liberation from deprivation” and “liberation from fear”.
OR
Pandemic is a huge cause as a new source of danger before the world.
a) Epidemics such as HIV-AIDS, bird flu and SARS have spread rapidly in different countries through immigration, trade, tourism and military operations.
b) Some new epidemics have emerged like Ebola virus, hantavirus and Hepatitis-C. About whom there is nothing special about the information.
c) By 2003, 40 million people worldwide had been infected with HIV-AIDS.
d) Chronic epidemics such as TB, Malaria, Dengue, Fever and Cholera have taken the form of drug resistance.
Section – D
23. There were a total of four wars between India and Pakistan and relations deteriorated due to many other reasons. Explain.
Ans. After the partition of Pakistan, there were many wars between the two countries.
a) First War (1948): Kashmir issue, after the war, Kashmir was divided into two parts, the first part became Pakistan Occupied Kashmir and the second Jammu and Kashmir province.
b) Second War (1965): Differences and war over the Rann of Kutch in Kutch district in Gujarat province
c) Third War (1971): Bangladesh became a new country
d) Fourth War (1999): Pakistan Army and Kashmiri militants tried to occupy Indian land by crossing the Line of Control between Indian and Pakistan, which led to a war between India and Pakistan in which the Indian Army was victorious.
e) Nuclear Weapons: India (India in Pokhran in 1998) and Pakistan started collecting nuclear weapons by testing nuclear weapons, the tension increased.
f) There is a difference of opinion between India and Pakistan over the sharing of Indus river water.
g) Both have differences in the country regarding the boundary line of Sircrick in the Rann of Kutch.
24. There were many movements for the protection of the environment. Write a quote and explain.
Ans. Such people who are conscious and aware of the environment and want to save the environment from harm, they have run movements for the protection of the environment which have been run both at the national and international level.
Forest movement:
There is a lot of pressure on forest movements in southern countries such as Mexico, Chile, Brazil, Malaysia, Indonesia continental Africa and India. Because the speed of harvesting here is very fast.
Mineral-industry movement:
a) It drains out the resources present inside the earth, makes full use of chemicals.
b) Pollutes land and waterways and destroy local flora. Due to this, people and communities have to be displaced. Mineral industries are opposed due to the above negativity.
c) Example: Philippines. Several groups and organizations came together to campaign against the “Western Mining Corporation”, an Australian multinational company whose cause is related to nuclear power.
Movement against big dams
a) Because it is said to save rivers and valleys.
b) The world’s first anti-dam movement in the early and mid-1980s in the Southern Hemisphere
c) The movement in Australia was a movement to save the Franklin River and its surrounding forests.
25. Discuss the economic consequences of globalization.
Ans. In a general sense, the flow of ideas, people, goods, resources and capital between different countries is called globalization. The economic consequence of which are as follows.
Economic Consequences of Globalization: Positive
a) Development of technology: Internet and computer-related services have been promoted and so have the development of industries and technologies in the country and abroad.
b) The restrictions on import-export began to end and the era of trade, foreign exchange, global relations started.
c) Increase in foreign trade: Countries get foreign exchange through foreign trade at the international level, due to which industries also grow in the country.
d) Improvement in economy: Countries that have adopted globalization have improved their economy at the economic level due to the rule of trade, architectural capital.
e) High Quality of Goods: Competition among companies in different countries and abroad has increased and the goods are reaching the people at the lowest prices.
Economic Consequences of Globalization: Negative
a) Decline of small industries: Multinational companies that do business in many countries simultaneously, due to which the business of small companies was snatched away and those industries went on dying.
b) Uneven Development: Due to globalization, two new classes have emerged in the society, on one side, the one who was rich has become richer now and the one who was already poor has become poorer.
c) Strict Visa Policy of Developed Countries: There are many countries whose visa policy is very strict, due to which it is difficult to do business there.
d) Politicians say that the “social security cover” given to citizens has now been removed, it needs to be rebuilt.
26. The first five-year plan was about the development of agriculture.
Ans. Beginning: The First Five Year Plan lasted from 1951 to 56
1. Budget: Approx. 2300 crores
2. Young Economist K.N. Raj: Prepared the plan and argued that the pace of growth would be slow in the initial years, priority was given to fast development of agriculture.
3. Huge funds were allocated for mega projects like Bhakra-Nangal.
4. Laws like land reform laws like consolidation of fields, snatching land from landlords and giving it to landless farmers were made.
5. Dams like Bhakra Nangal were built to provide irrigation
6. Priorities was given to the area for development in agriculture, where the land was not fertile, the resources were in plenty.
27. The story of China’s development is a unique story. Describe.
Ans. After the Chinese Revolution on 1st October 1949, communism was established in China and capitalism was completed abolished
a) The economy was opened in a phased manner. 1972 ended his confinement.
b) 1973 Prime Minister Chou Enlai: Made four proposals for modernization in the fields of agriculture, industry, military and science-technology.
c) Agriculture was privatized in 1982 and industries in 1998
d) Open Door Policy (1978) – The then leader Deng Xiopeng announced economic reforms and ‘open door policy’ in China and furthered the investment of foreign capital and technology and a market-oriented economy.
e) Trade barriers were removed from ‘Special Economic Zones’ where foreign investors could set up their ventures.
f) End of public agriculture: Due to the privatization of agriculture, there was a significant increase in foreign trade.
g) New trade laws and the creation of special economic zones (SEZs) led to a significant increase in foreign trade.
h) Now foreign investment is also being done from the reserves of foreign exchange.
i) Permanent Membership in the Security Council (26 October 1971) – China received with the help of America.
j) Membership of the WTO (2001): After membership. People from abroad stared trading with China and privatized many of their resources such as banking, tourism and communications.
OR
The formation process of the European Union seems complicated, yet today its economies are developing rapidly. Write any four features of European Union with reference in the statement.
Ans. The establishment of the European Union accelerated after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the establishment of the European Union in 1992
a) Attempts to make a constitution were unsuccessful but it has its own flag, national anthem, foundation day and currency (Euro)
b) As a federation, a common foreign policy, security policy, internal affairs, justice issues and a common currency were paved.
c) In the beginning, the GDP of Europe was more than 12000 billion dollars.
d) In 2016, it was the world’s second largest economy and had a GDP of over $17,000 billion, which is roughly the same as the United States.
e) Its currency could become a threat to the dominance of the EUR/USD.
f) The policy of shared agriculture was adopted by European countries, due to which the countries there became rich in food and the situation of famine ended.
g) Affects the decision of international trade organizations such as the WTO.
Section E
28. A, B, C, D, E States/Union Territories are shown in the given map of India. Identify them on the basis of the information given below and their names with the serial numbers of the information used and the corresponding alphabets in the table given below. Write it in your answer sheet
a) Sardar Patel’s home state
Ans. Nagpur
b) States belonging to Potti Sriramlu
Ans. Potti Sriramlu
c) The name of the ruler of that kingdom was Bodhchandra
Ans. Hyderabad
d) The union territory from where Article 370 was removed
Ans. 2014
e) States affected by the 1947 partition of India and Pakistan
Ans. 1956
| Serial number of the information | Used Relative letter | State name |
| A | A | Gujarat |
| B | C | Andhra Pradesh |
| C | B | Manipur |
| D | E | Jammu and Kashmir |
29. Study the given cartoon carefully and answer the questions given below
a) Which part depicted in this cartoon belongs to China?
Ans. Great Wall of China and Dragon
b) Assess the power of China on the basis of cartoon
Ans. Ever since the reforms started, the country has become the fastest growing economy. It is estimated that by 2040, the country could be the largest economy in the world. Its strong economy, its population, land resources, regional status and political influence are increasing its power in a significant way.
c) China can be the next superpower of the world, justifying this statement by giving two arguments.
Ans. It is estimated that China will become a great economic power in 2040, surpassing the United States as well.
It is the engine of East Asian growth, due to which it has a huge role in regional affairs.
Foreign direct investment has become the most important place.
It has huge foreign investment exchange reserves due to which it is able to make large investments in other countries.
Its entry into the WTO can prove to be a co-operation in shaping the future economic order.
Section – F
30. Write any six consequences of the disintegration of the Soviet Union.
Ans. The Soviet Union disintegrated in 1991 due to various reasons, with the following results
a) The Communist Party was banned and a new path of capitalism and democracy was started.
b) The Commonwealth of Independent States was created for the independent states.
c) The end of the Cold War: between the US and the Soviet Union
d) The End of the Battle of Ideology: USA Capitalism and USSR Communism.
e) The end of factionalism: Eastern and Western factions.
f) End of arms race: The army of USA and USSR factions, arms race, accumulation of nuclear weapons started ending
g) Beginning of single domination in the world: Only superpower America remained, which was not going to give any tax in the whole world.
h) Rise of newly independent nations: The Soviet Union consisted of 15 republics, after its dissolution, 15 newly independent countries emerged, which encouraged capitalism, the biggest challenge before the newly independent nation was how to develop its economic social.
i) Russia became the successor of the Soviet Union: Russia got all the rights that the Soviet Union had, such as permanent membership in the Security Council of the United Nations and the treaties made by the Soviet Union were now to be performed by Russia as well. Russia got the status of a nuclear state.
j) In many republics, there was increasing civil war, rebellion and interference by outside forces.
OR
Before the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the relations between India and the Soviet Union are remembered like a good friend. Write any six arguments for your answer.
Ans. Before the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the relations between India and the Soviet Union are remembered like a good friend which we can understand thought eh following arguments.
a) Cultural: Heroes of Indian Hindi films from Raj Kapoor to Amitabh Bachchan were known from house to house in the rest of the bastion states of the Soviet Union, and a large number of Indian writers and artists traveled to the Soviet Union.
b) India also indirectly supported the foreign policy of the Soviet Union.
c) Economic: The Soviet Union provided financial and technical assistance for the steel factories of Bhilai, Bokaro and Visakhapatnam and machinery plants such as Bharat Heavy Electricals.
d) Trade: When there was a shortage of foreign exchange in India, the Soviet Union traded with India by making the rupee a medium.
e) Space: ISRO (Indian Space Research Organization) was established in 1969 in India with the help of the Soviet Union.
f) Soldiers: Weapons worth about 13000 crores were imported into India from the Soviet Union in the 1980s.
g) From time to time, fighter aircraft, war ships, helicopters were provided to India by the Soviet Union.
h) The Soviet Union supported India in the United Nations on the Kashmir issue. And helped India during the 1971 war with Pakistan.
31. What were the consequences of the Indian partition?
Ans. On the midnight of 14-15 August 1947, the partition of India was declared and a new country Pakistan was formed.
a) The population of one place was forced to move to another place on a large scale
b) This migration of population was accidental, unplanned and full of tragedy.
c) About 80 lakh people had to leave their homes.
d) In the name of religion, people of one community brutally killed the people of other community.
e) Most of the communal violence took place in cities like Lahore, Amritsar and Calcutta.
f) Minorities on both sides fled their homes and often had to take temporary refuge in refugee camps.
g) Thousands of women were kidnapped on both sides of the border. They had to forcibly marry and adopt the religion of the kidnapper
h) Writers, poets and film makers from India and Pakistan have referred to the brutality of this massacre in their novels, short stories, poetry and films, and expressed the grief caused by displacement and violence.
OR
Write a note on the reorganization of states?
Ans. The reorganization of the states had been a huge process
a) In the Nagpur session of the Congress in 1920, it was accepted that after independence, the reorganization of the states would be on the basis of language.
b) After independence and the partition of the country, leaders like Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru felt that if the states were divided on the basis of language, then the country could break.
c) When the government tried to stop the laughing issue, local leaders started opposing it.
d) Problem started increasing in Madras, Telugu speaking people started demanding separate state (Andhra Pradesh)
e) The government was confused in taking this decision when Congress leader Mr. Potti Ramlu started on indefinite hunger strike.
f) His hunger strike lasted for 56 days and he died, this incident increased the anger among the people and the legislators of Madras resigned.
g) In the end, Jawaharlal Nehru forcibly approved the creation of the state of Andhra Pradesh in 1952. After which other states also demanded separation.
h) Now it was decided that the states would be reorganized on the basis of language, to find out the ways of reorganization of the states, the National Reorganization Commission was formed in 1953, which submitted its report in 1956, under which the National Reorganization Act was made, under which 14 states and 6 union territories were created.
32. When it comes to the United Nations, it starts with the Security Council. What is it and what needs to be improved in it.
Ans.
a) United Nations: Reform (Security Council)
b) There are 15 members in total (5 permanent members/10 non-permanent members)
c) Tasks: To resolve the disputes of countries, to punish those who disturb the peace ant to maintain peace in the world.
Change of Members
a) 5 permanent members: America continent (USA), European continent (three countries – France, Britain and Russia), Asia continent (China only)
b) There is no representation from the continents of Africa and Australia. But here Japan, India, Germany, Brazil are its strong contenders.
c) 10 non-permanent members: elected by the General Assembly for a two year term and not immediately re-appointed after the term.
d) The General Assembly of the United Nations consists mostly of developing member-countries. For this reason, they should also be heard in the decisions of the Security Council because these decisions have an impact on those countries as well.
Termination of Veto Power
a) The functioning of the security Council appears to be undemocratic as only 5 countries have the prohibition powers.
b) Permanent members have got exclusive power veto (prohibition) whose one use can also prevent the passing of a resolution.
c) It has been used about 250 times, only Russia has done about 122.
There is general agreement on reforms, but in 1992, a resolution was adopted in the General Assembly of the United Nations on how to do it. The resolution mentioned three main complaints.
a) The Security Council no longer represents political realities
b) Its decisions are imprinted with Western values and interests and these decisions are dominated by a few countries.
c) There is no equal representation in the Security Council.
OR
The United Nations has many agencies as its strength. Describe UNESCO in this context. Also write its importance in the context of India.
Ans. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
a) Established – 16 November 1945 Headquarters – Paris (France)
b The Current Director–General of UNESCO is Andre Enzole.
c) Main objective: To establish peace and security with international cooperation of education and culture.
d) Sponsors programs to increase literacy.
e) It also contributes to the conservation of World Heritage buildings and parks
f) UNESCO has links with 332 international voluntary organizations around the world.
Importance of UNESCO in the context of India
a) India: India is a member country of UNESCO since 1946
b) Many historical buildings and parks of our country are included in the UNESCO heritage
c) Example – Taj Mahal, Kaziranga National Park, Agra Fort, Sun Temple, etc
d) At present there are 40 heritage sites and the 40th heritage is Dholavira