SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER (2021-22)
PHYSICAL EDUCATION (048)
TERM II
CLASS 12
Time: 2 Hrs Max. Marks: 35
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
1. There are three sections in the Question paper namely Section A, Section B and Section C.
2. Section A consists of 9 questions amongst which 7 questions have to be attempted each question carries 2 marks and should have 30-50 words.
3. Section B consists of 5 questions amongst which 3 questions have to be attempted each question carries 3 marks and should have 80-100 words.
4. Section C consists of 4 questions amongst which 3 questions have to be attempted each question carries 4 marks and should have 100-150 words.
SECTION A
Q.1. What is Diabetes and Asthma?
Diabetes is a disease in which blood glucose, or blood sugar, levels are too high. Asthma is a common lung condition that causes occasional breathing difficulties. Asthma is caused by swelling (inflammation) of the breathing tubes that carry air in and out of the lungs. This makes the tubes highly sensitive, so they temporarily narrow
Q.2. Name two methods of strength development.
The two methods of strength development are :
(i) Isometric exercises.
(ii) Isotonic exercises.
Q.3. Define motivation and personality.
The word ‘motivation’ has been derived from the word ‘motive’ which means ‘aim or objective’. According to Alderman, ‘‘Motivation is the general level of arousal to action in an individual’’. According to Sage, ‘‘The drive to strive is called motivation.’’ The term personality is derived from the Latin word persona meaning a mask. According to Sigmund Freud, “Personality is an individual’s unique thought, feeling and behaviour that persist over time and different situations.”
Q.4. What do you understand by Disability and Disorder?
According to WHO, “Disabilities is an umbrella term, covering impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions. An impairment is a problem in body function or structure; an activity limitation is a difficulty encountered by an individual in executing a task or action; while a participation restriction is a problem experienced by an individual in involvement in life situations.” Disorder can be defined as a disruption caused to the normal functions of a person. Disorders hinder a person’s performance and diminish his/her efficiency.
Q.5. What do you mean by Aerobic capacity and Anaerobic capacity?
Aerobic capacity may be defined as the maximum volume of oxygen that can be utilised or consumed by the working muscles per minute. Anaerobic capacity means to perform activity without the use of oxygen to produce energy for that activity within the body and its resultant products i.e. Lactic acid, Carbon dioxide, Water.
Q.6. What is coordinative ability and reaction ability?
Coordinative abilities are those abilities which enable an individual to do various related activities accurately and efficiently. Reaction ability is the ability to react quickly and effectively to a signal.
Q.7. Write the full form of OCD and ADHD.
The full form of OCD is Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. The full form of ADHD is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.
Q.8. What is incision and Stress Fracture ?
Incisions are caused by a sharp, cutting object, such as broken glass; they are also caused when the impact causes the skin to be split over an underlying bone. A stress fracture is a small crack in a bone, or severe bruising within a bone. Most stress fractures are caused by overuse and repetitive activity, and are common in runners and athletes who participate in running sports, such as soccer and basketball.
Q.9. Define Endurance. Name two methods of endurance development.
Endurance is the ability to sustain the necessary activity level for a specific competitive sport. According to Barrow and McGee, “Endurance is the result of a physiologic capacity of the individual to sustain movement over a period of time.” The two methods of endurance development are : (i) Continuous Method (ii) Interval Training.
SECTION B
Q.10. What are the different dimensions of personality? Write in brief about any two
Dimensions of Personality The following are the dimensions of personality : (i) Physical dimension (ii) Intellectual Dimension (Mental Dimension) (iii) Social Dimension (iv) Emotional dimension
(i) Physical dimension : Physical dimension includes body size, shape, structure, colour, appearance, weight, voice and other physical traits. Physical structure of an individual is related to heredity but few personality traits can be improved in proper environment. For instance, physical exercises, balanced diet and other environmental factors improve physique, appearance, health and posture of an individual. These dimensions refer to the qualities of health and physique. If a person is tall, handsome and healthy, he will naturally be impressive. His appearance will be attractive. Infact a healthy body is very necessary for healthy personality. Physical appearance acts as a first impression on the lookers.
(ii) Intellectual Dimension (Mental Dimension) : Intellectual dimension of personality includes memory, imagination, learning, thinking, reasoning, observation, judgement, attention, perception, intelligence and ability to make adjustments to various situations. Mental and intellectual capabilities of an individual help him in adjusting to new requirements and circumstances of life in a most appropriate way. Human beings have been bestowed with higher mental and intellectual abilities compared to other living organisms
Q.11. What are the causes of OCD?
Causes of OCD :
1. Biological Factors : OCD symptoms can sometimes get passed on from parents to children. This means the biological vulnerability to develop OCD may sometimes be inherited. A link between a certain type of infection caused by the Streptococcus bacteria and OCD has been found. This infection, if recurrent and untreated, may lead to the development of OCD and other disorders in children.
2. Environmental Factors : There are environmental stressors that can trigger OCD in people with a tendency toward developing the condition. Certain environmental factors may also cause a worsening of symptoms. These factors include: (i) Abuse (ii) Changes in living situation (iii) Illness (iv) Death of a loved one (v) Work or school-related changes or problems (vi) Relationship concerns
Q.12. What do you understand by ‘First-Aid’? Discuss briefly about the aims and objectives of First Aid.
Meaning and Aims of First Aid First aid refers to the initial or first help that is given to an injured or ill person. The term was officially adopted in England for the first time in 1879 by St. John’s Ambulance Association. First aid does not mean medical aid, which is treatment by a doctor or other qualified person such as a nurse or ambulance officer. First aid begins when a person arrives at the scene of an accident and continues until the casualty recovers or medical aid arrives. The most obvious objective of first aid is to save lives. The person who gives treatment to the person suffering from a disease or an accident, to improve his condition is called an ‘aides’ and the medical treatment given as aid is called the ‘first aid’.
Main Aims and Objectives of the person giving First aid are :
1. Preserve life : If a life-threatening situation does exist, the first aider should have knowledge of procedures to keep the casualty alive.
2. Protect the unconscious : A casualty should be isolated from all further dangers and placed in a position where their injury or illness will not become worse.
3. Prevent injury or illness becoming worse : The casualty’s injuries or illness should be attended to in order to prevent complications arising from his or her injury or illness (i.e. broken bones should be immobilised, bleeding should be controlled).
4. To decrease pain and suffering : It is the primary aim of first aid to decrease pain and reduce the suffering of the injured. Make the patient comfortable and look for medical help as soon as possible.
5. Promote recovery : A first aider can speed recovery of the casualty by reassuring them, keeping them comfortable and arranging for emergency care.
6. Procure medical aid : In most cases, there will be a need for qualified medical assistance; therefore, this must be a major priority. If there are bystanders, they should be sent to seek urgent medical advice. If the person giving first aid is alone, he must attend to the casualty first and then seek medical help as soon as possible.
Q.13. Which asanas are helpful in reducing obesity? Explain the procedure and contraindication of any one asana.
Asanas which are helpful in reducing obesity are Vajrasana, Hastottanasana, Trikonasana, Ardhamatsyendrasana.
Hastottanasana
Procedure :
To perform Hastottanasana, following steps should be followed:
1. Stand erect on the ground with both feet together.
2. Inhale slowly and raise both arms over the head.
3. With palms facing up, interlock your fingers.
4. Exhale and bend from the waist towards the right side. Maintain this position comfortably for 5-10 seconds.
5. Inhale and come to the centre.
6. Repeat it from left side as well.
Contraindications :
1. During hernia, abdominal inflammation, this asana should be avoided.
2. Avoid this asana if you are suffering from severe back, neck and shoulder pain.
Q.14. Differentiate between isometric and isotonic exercises.
SECTION C
Q.15. Explain the techniques of motivation.
Motivation Techniques in Sports
Motivation is the driving force which increases the desire to perform better. There are various ways to motivate a person but it varies from individual to individual because all the persons are not same. They come from different backgrounds with different attitudes and behaviour. So they have to be dealt with various methods. Following techniques can be used to motivate an athlete or a person :
1. Cognitive Approach : Cognitive theories of motivation rely on our thoughts, beliefs and attitudes to explain our motivation. Cognitive motivation is believed to be rooted on two basic factors :
• The first factor involves information available to us. Initially, we will process a situation based on whatever input is immediately available to our senses.
• The second factor involves our past experience, which we refer to when we try to make sense of information presently available and in determining how to respond or relate to the current situation. Expectancy theory and Goal Setting theory are widely used as a cognitive approach for motivation. Expectancy theory explains why and how an individual chooses one behavioural option over others. According to this theory, people are motivated for the task where the probability of success is higher in comparison to failure.
The Goal-Setting Theory states the importance of creating goals in motivating a person. The important features of goal-setting theory are as follows :
(a) Time Bound : The task should be time bound
(b) Degree of Complexity of task : Task should be neither too difficult nor too easy
(c) Specificity of the task : Task instructions should be precise about what is to be done
(d) Define Purpose of task : Outcome of the task should be clearly defined.
2. Pedagogical Approach : Pedagogy is a discipline that involves the theory and practice of how best to teach. Teaching coaching pedagogies used in sports training is largely responsible in guiding and maintaining the desired behaviour of athletes. Making training enjoyable, engaging athletes in decision making and providing valuable feedback to athletes are essential components to motivation. Few techniques of motivation using a pedagogical approach are given below :
(a) Guided Discovery Method : The term “Guided Discovery” refers to a teaching and learning environment where students are actively participating in discovering knowledge. Athletes are highly motivated if allowed to find solutions to the problems by themselves rather than if they are just made to do things as per instruction. Cooperative learning with opportunities for athletes to engage in decision making is an effective strategy towards motivation.
(b) Valuable Feedback System : To persuade athletes to push harder for a longer period of time, they must be provided with a strong support system. The feedback teachers and coaches provide to students and athletes influences their achievement in physical education and sport setting. Providing feedback is an effective means towards effective motivation.
(c) Fun-based Training : To perform at the highest level, training for athletes should be challenging and task-oriented. However, for providing athletes with enough drive and energy to sustain them for a long time, training methods should be fun and enjoyable. Creating a fun environment enhances enjoyment levels, reduces continuous demands of training load that ultimately improves performance.
(d) Individualized Training Program (ITP/IEP) : Each athlete is unique. Different athletes respond differently to the vast variety of training demands. It is important to develop individualized training programmes that help athletes to set their own targets, challenges and difficulty levels which will not only help them to avoid burnout, but also keep them motivated.
3. Social Support Strategy : Exercising and participating in sports is greatly influenced by the perception of people around athletes. Positive social support from peer group, family members and friends help in developing healthy habits and enough drive to maintain the act of exercising. Societal support provided to the athlete helps him to start and sustain sporting behaviour. Initiating group activities and engagement of family and peers in sports participation helps in increased participation in sports and exercise.
4. Goal Setting : Goal setting is one of the most powerful techniques of motivation. The athlete should be very specific and clear about his goal. In other words, athlete should be very clear what he has to do, how, and why. If these three things are clear in the mind of the athlete then there will be no problem in motivation and one will do the things accordingly. One should be prepared mentally to do the activity and work to achieve the goal. The goal should not be impossible to achieve, it should be in the reach of the individual. One should know the advantages of attaining the goal.
5. Reinforcement : Reinforcement is the use of rewards and punishments that will work to either encourage a certain action or decrease it in the future. There are two ways of using reinforcement – a positive approach and a negative approach. The positive approach focuses on rewarding appropriate behaviour – this increases the likelihood of this behaviour happening again. The negative approach focuses on punishing undesirable behaviours and should lead to a decrease of these behaviours in the future. Most coaches and instructors combine positive and negative approaches.
6. Knowledge of Progress or Performance appraisals : The athlete should know fully about himself, his capacity, quality, behaviour, etc. Periodic positive results act as a strong motivational force. One should be made aware about his progress from time to time. Knowledge of progress is must because progress is also a reward in itself.
7. Rewards : They can be effective for further progress and to achieve goal. This can be very effective to motivate the players. Various rewards and cash prizes act as strong motivational force to perform.
8. Valence of Reward : Valence refers to the value of the reward. Prizes and awards can be used as extrinsic sources of motivation to maintain a desired action or behaviour but sometimes even these may not prove to be effective. External factors are a motivating factor for athletes, but it is important to understand the need and expectation of the individual athlete. This is known as ‘valence’ of the reward or valuing the award. To be motivated, athletes must be awarded by considering what is desired or expected by an individual so that he or she can value that reward. An athlete may like to be rewarded by being made the captain of the team and may value it more than being rewarded with a pay hike.
9. Jobs : Outstanding sportspersons can be offered good jobs according to their achievement and educational qualifications. There are various departments which provide jobs to good sportspersons i.e. Police departments in various states, Indian railways, Banks, Air India, etc.
10. Social Awards : Government of India every year announces award for outstanding sports persons who bring laurels for the country in various games and sports. They are honoured with Arjuna Awards, Padma Shri, Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award, Dronacharya Award, Major Dhyan Chand Award, Padma Bhushan etc. Some special awards are also given for international achievements.
11. Positive talks : Positive talk by the teachers or coaches is one of the best methods to motivate an individual. It can help the athlete to change his thinking and behaviour. It is most important even for players and athletes at international level. At lower stages it works as a most successful tool for motivation.
12. To provide best quality equipment : The players and athletes should be provided the best possible equipment, which will help the athlete to avoid sports injuries, best and easy practice without any tension in mind. Good quality equipment urge the participants to participate in the activity where as an old and sub-standard equipment may turn off the interest of the individual.
Q.16. Contusion and dislocation are common sports injuries. Write in detail about the symptoms and management of these injuries.
Contusion :
Contusion is the crushing of soft tissues by a violent external force without breaking the continuity of skin. In severe cases muscles become completely inactive. Athletes in all contact sports have many chances to get a muscle contusion (bruise). Most contusions are minor and heal quickly, without taking the athlete away from the game. But, severe contusions can cause deep tissue damage and can lead to complications that may keep the athlete out of sports for months. Contusions occur when a direct blow or repeated blows from a blunt object strike some part of the body, crushing underlying muscle fibers and connective tissue without breaking the skin. A contusion can result from falling or jamming the body against a hard surface.
Symptoms :
• Swelling
• Pain
• Limiting Joint Range of motion near the injury
• Bluish discoloration due to torn blood vessels
• Stiffness and Weakness in the injured muscle Sometimes a pool of blood collects within damaged tissue, forming a lump over the injury. In severe cases, swelling and bleeding beneath the skin may cause shock. If tissue damage is extensive, one may also have a broken bone, dislocated joint, sprain, torn muscle, or other injuries. Contusions to the abdomen may damage internal organs.
Management of contusion (Treatment Steps) :
(i) Contusion should be treated immediately with ice application for some duration.
(ii) Apply cold compress for few hours.
(iii) In case of swelling at the place of contusion, anti- inflammatory medicine should be given.
(iv) After two days, massage should be done over the affected part to reduce swelling.
Dislocation : When the two bones that come together to form a joint become separated, the joint is described as being dislocated. Contact sports such as football and basketball, as well as high-impact sports and sports that can result in excessive stretching or falling cause the majority of dislocations. A dislocated joint is an emergency situation that requires medical treatment. The joints most likely to be dislocated are some of the hand joints. Aside from these joints, the joint most frequently dislocated is the shoulder. Dislocations of the knees, hips, and elbows are uncommon. It is an injury of joint in which adjoining bones are displaced from their original position. Dislocation is mainly caused due to direct or indirect impact over the joint. It may be simple dislocation, fractured dislocation or complicated dislocation.
Symptoms :
1. Severe pain over the joint
2. Swelling of the joint
3. Inability to move the joint
4. Changing shape of joint.
There are following types of dislocations :
(i) Shoulder dislocation : This occurs when the ball of the upper arm bone (humerus) pops out of the shoulder socket. It is usually caused by a fall on to the upper arm, or during contact sport such as rugby. Usually the dislocated ball pops out at the front of the shoulder joint, where the supporting muscles are at their weakest.
(ii) Elbow dislocation : When the joint surfaces of an elbow are separated, the elbow is dislocated. The elbow is the second most common dislocation in adults and the most common in children. It takes a lot of force to dislocate the elbow – such force that there is often an associated crack or break in one of the bones. Dislocated elbows are at high risk of trapping nerves and blood vessels and need urgent attention
(iii) Hip dislocation : A hip dislocation is when the ball of the thigh bone moves out of place with in the socket of the pelvic bone. Hip dislocation is very painful and can result in significant blood loss into the joint and tissues. The hip is a stable joint, seated in a fairly deep socket and well protected by large muscles and strong ligaments. It takes a lot of force to pop it out and such severe force is likely to cause other associated injuries.
Management of dislocation (Treatment Steps) :
(i) Immobilization : The joint should be immobilized with a sling and kept in a comfortable position for several weeks.
(ii) Reduction : The doctor tries to relocate the joint by doing some gentle movements around the affected joint to help the bones get back into position.
(iii) Surgery : In cases of unsuccessful reduction, surgery can be used to move dislocated bone back into its correct position.
(iv) Rehabilitation : This process is started after the splint or sling is removed. The purpose of rehabilitation is to restore normal range of motion and strength around the joint.
Q.17. Explain Fartlek training method. Draw its figure & write down its advantages & disadvantages.
Fartlek Training Method : Fartlek method of training was introduced and practiced in Sweden. ‘Fartlek’ is a Swedish term which means ‘speed play’ (playing with speed). This training method was first introduced by Gosta Holmer in 1937. It is a type of cross country running. Fartlek is usually conducted over a hilly region track, and it allows variation in pace. It is one of the best methods of conditioning for most of the sports and is used for development of Endurance. This training can be performed at hilly path, river bed, forest, muddy road or sandy path etc. In Fartlek, the change of pace or speed is not pre-planned so some exercises can also be included in this method. These exercises may be performed by stopping and running temporarily at different intervals. The type of exercises that can be included along with running are hopping, jumping, squat jump, double hop jump etc. In this training programme, running is decided by setting a time period from 20 minutes to one hour, according to the standard of the athlete or runner. Time period is the basic factor in this training. Since no attention is paid to the variation of speed, the trainee can change his pace according to his capacity and need.
Example of Fartlek Training Method
• Total Duration – 45 minutes.
• Heartbeat – 140-150 beats/min.
• Warm up, easy running for 5 to 10 minutes.
• Steady, hard speed for 1.5–2.5 kilometres.
• Recovery: rapid walking for about 5 minutes.
• Start of speed work: easy running interspersed with sprints of about 50–60 metres (160–200 ft), repeated until a little tired.
• Easy running with three or four “quick steps” now and then (simulating suddenly speeding up to avoid being overtaken by another runner).
• Full speed uphill for 175–200 metres (570–660 ft).
• Fast pace for 1 minute.
• The whole routine is then repeated until the total time prescribed on the training schedule has elapsed.
Advantages of Fartlek Training :
1. It is an off season training method but is very useful in developing endurance in athletes.
2. It has a psychological advantage over the other training methods because the changing scenes help in delaying fatigue.
3. It is the best method to improve endurance in sports where endurance is basic requirement e.g. crosscountry running.
4. Balancing adjustments of ankles, knees and thighs improves due to the uneven surface.
5. It is easy to adapt.
6. It is flexible in nature.
7. It makes the body versatile due to sprinting intervals. 8. No equipment is required.
9. More number of athletes can take part.
10. Good Aerobic and Anaerobic fitness is developed.
Disadvantages of Fartlek Training :
1. The chances of injuries are more due to uneven track.
2. It is difficult for coach to supervise the activity.
3. The experience of actual running on the track is absent.
Q.18. Which are the Asanas practiced for preventing Hypertension? Write in detail about any two of them.
Tadasana, Vajrasana, Pawanmuktasana, Ardhachakrasana, Bhujangasana, Shavasana.
1.Vajrasana
In Sanskrit Vajra means thunderbolt and since the final position of this asana looks like thunderbolt, it is called Vajrasana. Vajra is also the major Nadi directly connected to the Genito-Urinary system. Body parts involved in performing Vajrasana are feet, ankles and knees. It is the only asana which can be practiced immediately after eating meals.
Procedure :
To perform the Vajrasana, following steps should be followed :
1. Sit with legs extended together, hands by the side of the body, resting on the ground.
2. Fold the left leg at the knee and place the foot under the left buttock.
3. Similarly, fold the right leg and place the foot under the right buttock.
4. Place both the heels so that the big toes overlap each other.
5. Position the buttocks in the space between the heels.
6. Keep the hands on respective knees.
7. Keep the spine erect, gaze in front or close the eyes. In the beginning you can stay for 10–15 seconds.
8. While returning to the original position, bend a little towards right side, take out your left leg and extend it.
9. Similarly, extend your right leg and keep arms on the sides of the body.
10. Return to the original position.
Benefits :
1. It is a meditative posture and helps in concentration.
2. It improves our digestive system.
3. It strengthens muscles of thighs and calf.
4. It decreases postural defects.
5. It improves memory power.
6. It reduces mental stress.
7. It provides relief from piles.
8. It prevents hernia.
9. It increases the strength of pelvic muscles.
10. It helps in reducing hip fat.
Precautions :
1. In the final posture spine must be straight.
2. Heels should be outside and buttocks should be resting on the heels.
3. Do not bend forward or backward while sitting in this asana.
Contraindications :
1. Those suffering from chronic knee pain should not practice Vajrasana.
2. Those suffering from spinal column problems should not perform vajrasana.
3. Those having difficulty in movement should perform the asana with care.
4. Person suffering from piles should not practice it.
2. Bhujangasana
Bhujangasana comprises of two words – bhujang and asana. In Sanskrit, bhujanga means cobra (snake) and asana means posture. In the final stage of this asana, the body resembles the shape of a hooded snake, therefore the posture is called Bhujangasana.
Procedure :
To perform Bhujangasana, following steps should be followed :
1. Lie on the ground on your stomach with forehead touching the floor; legs together, hands by the side of thighs.
2. Fold the arms at elbows and place the palms by the side of the shoulders, with tips of the fingers not crossing the shoulder line.
3. Inhaling, slowly raise the head first, then neck and after that shoulders. Shoulders should be shrugged backwards.
4. Raise the trunk up to the navel region. Raise the chin as high as possible.
5. Eyes should gaze upward.
6. Maintain this position for 5 -10 seconds or as long as comfortable.
7. To come back, bring down the upper part of naval region, then chest, then shoulders, then chin and head in the last.
8. Place the forehead on the ground & arms along the body, hands by sides of the thighs. Relax.
9. Repeat this asana 3 to 5 times
Benefits :
1. It helps to make spinal column flexible.
2. It cures digestive problems.
3. It increases intra-abdominal pressure benefitting the internal organs especially the liver and kidneys.
4. It relaxes both body and mind.
5. It helps to decrease obesity.
6. It is useful in treatment of constipation and indigestion
7. It strengthens abdominal muscles.
8. It strengthens arms and shoulders.
9. It increases circulation of blood.
Precautions :
1. Put minimum weight on hands.
2. Distribute weight on the back.
3. The trunk should be raised up to the navel only.
4. While rising, shoulders should be shrugged backwards.
5. Lift your body slowly without any jerk.
6. Do not allow the elbows to spread out.
Contraindications :
1. Those with severe back problems relating to the spine should avoid this yoga posture.
2. Someone having neck problems relating to spondylitis too should clearly avoid this yoga posture.
3. Those suffering from stomach disorders like ulcers should ensure proper guidance or avoid this yoga posture if discomfort is seen or felt.
4. Pregnant women should not perform this asana.