Class XII – Globalisation – PYQs

Ans. Globalisation refers to the flow of ideas, capital, commodities and people across different parts of the world. It is different from internationalisation on the basis of following points

• Internationalisation believes in the integrity of community, whereas globalisation believes in one umbrella concept and sharing of ideas between other states.
• Internationalisation believes in the use of resources of all the world equally for the benefit of mankind, but globalisation emphasis on the development of resources for the welfare and support of community.
• Internationalisation also believes in the universal brotherhood and international peace, whereas globalisation believes in the concept of flow of ideas, people and commodities throughout the globe. It also encourages the richer countries to support the poorer countries’ economy.

Ans. Two major causes of globalisation are

(i) Technology is the most important element. The invention of the telegraph, the telephone and the microchip has revolutionised communication between various global factors. The technology has made it easier to exchange ideas, capital and commodities from one place to another. The transfer of capital and commodities is a major cause of globalisation.

(ii) The increased interconnectedness has led to migration of people in search of economic opportunities. This in turn helps in the flow of investments across the world. This has initiated globalisation on a large scale.

Ans. Following are the consequences of political globalisation

• It has eroded the capacity of the state by reducing the ability of the government to do what they want.
• The concept of welfare state has been reduced to a more minimalist state all over the world.
• Market becomes a prime determinant to settle down social and economic priorities is place of welfare.
• The increased role of MNC all over the world leads to a reduction in the capacity of governments to take decisions on their own.

Ans. Technology has contributed to globalisation in the following ways

• The technological inventions such as telegraph, telephone and the microchip has revolutionised communication between various global factors and hence invention of printing laid the basis for the emergence of nationalism. Thus, technology influences the way we think of our personal and collective lives. The sharing of ideas, capital, commodities and people throughout the globe has been made possible only by technological advancement.
• The transfer of capital goods and services is likely to be wider and quicker than the transfer of people across the various parts of the world.
• Technological advances have reduced the physical distances and increased interconnectedness worldwide.

Ans. Following are the economic manifestations of globalisation

• It deals with increasing the trade in commodities all around the world. The restrictions imposed by various states on each other’s imports have been removed.
• Globalisation benefits some sections of society, while their sections of society are left deprived. Developed countries gain more as compared to developing countries.
• Greater economic flows among different countries of the world are usually promoted through economic globalisation. This flow or exchange can take various forms i.e., commodities, capital, people and ideas.
• The restrictions on the imports and movements of capital have also been reduced which facilitates free flow of trade. It means that investors in the rich countries can invest their money in countries other than their own including developing countries.

Ans. Positive impacts of globalisation are

(i) Increases in the volume of trade in goods and services.

(ii) It attracts private foreign capital investment.

(iii) It raises new job opportunities.

(iv) It raises standard of living.

(v) It increases production, efficiency and healthy competition.

(vi) It attracts foreign direct investment also.

Negative impacts of globalisation are

(i) The foreign companies focus on their profit orientation projects only in place of social welfare.

(ii) It has widened income disparities by making the rich more richer and the poor more poorer.

(iii) Globalisation is also a reason for depletion of flora and fauna in country.

Ans. No, globalisation leads to both cultural homogenisation and cultural heterogenisation as

• Though cultural homogenisation is an arena of globalisation, the same process generates the opposite effect also prompts each culture resulting into cultural heterogenisation where each become more different and distinct.
• Globalisation leads the rise of uniform culture known as cultural homogenisation i.e., the influence of Western culture.
• The difference among powers remain the same despite the exchange of culture. Hence, it may be said that cultural exchange is only one of many processes.

Ans. Following are the three effects of globalisation on the economy of a country.

(i) Economic globalisation gives more importance to institutions like the IMF and the WTO and their role in determining economic policies across world.

(ii) It involves greater economic flows among different countries of the world in which some of them are forced by international institutions and powerful countries.

(iii) As the restrictions imposed by different countries have been reduced, so greater trade in commodities across the globe can be seen.

(iv) Globalisation has led to similar economic policies adopted by governments in different parts of the world, this has generated vastly different outcomes in different parts of the world.

(v) Economic globalisation has also brought economic ruin for the weaker countries, especially for the poor within these countries.

– Revolution in information technology and electronic media and development in the field of science and technology.

– Collapse of communism and the end of Cold War with the disintegration of Soviet Union.

– Advances in the field of transport and communication and growth of MNCs. These MNCs are the efforts of the developed nations to make the whole world as one single market.

– Rising debts of developing states that have forced the IMF and World Bank to ask developing states to adopt the path of disinvestment and globalisation.

Ans. The three benefits of globalisation are as follows:

(i) Economic Benefits

(a) It involves greater economic flows among various countries.

(b) It has enhanced trade in commodities among countries.

(c) The restrictions on the imports and movement of capital have also been reduced.

(d) This has spread internet and computer related services across national boundaries.

(ii) Technological Benefits

(a) Technological equipment’s as telephone, internet, telegraph and microchip have contributed to globalisation.

(b) This is by exchanging ideas, capitals and people to make convenient to move from one place to another at a fast pace to stimulate the process of globalisation.

(iii) Political Benefits

(a) The primary status remains unchallenged on the basis of political community.

(b) States have received a boost under globalisation to become more powerful and strong.

Ans. The effects of globalisation on the culture of a country are

(i) Cultural globalisation affects our food, clothes and thinking. But sometimes, external influence simple enlarge our choices and sometimes they modify our culture without overwhelming the traditional norms. For example, the burger is no substitute for a masala dosa and therefore, does not pose any real challenge.

In the same way, blue jeans ca go well with a homespun Khadi Kurta. Here the outcome of outside influences is a new combination has been exported back to the country that gave us blue jeans.

(ii) The culture of the politically and economically dominant society leaves its imprint on a less powerful society, and the world begins to look more like a dominant power it wishes to be.

(iii) This is dangerous not only for the poor countries but for the whole of humanity, as it leads to the shrinking of the rich cultural heritage of the entire globe.

So, we can say that globalisation broadens our cultural outlook and promotes cultural homogenisation.