Class XII - Geography - Paper - 1 - Practice for Everyone

SECTION –A

(Questions number 1 and 17 are Multiple Choice Type Questions.)

1. Family planning is the spacing or preventing the birth of children. This factor belongs to:

(a) Population control measures

(b) Demographic transition

(d) Spatial pattern of population change

Ans. (a) Population control measures

2. There are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Mark your answer as per the codes provided below.

Assertion (A): Commercial grain cultivation is practiced in the interior parts of semi-arid lands of the mid-latitudes.

Reason (R): The size of the farm is very large, therefore entire operations of cultivation from ploughing to harvesting are mechanized.

Options:

(a) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

(b) Both (A) and (R are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

(d) (A) is correct but (R) is incorrect

Ans. (b) Both (A) and (R are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

3. Which of the following statements are correct related to social and cultural factors influencing the distribution of population? Choose the correct option.

(I) Some places attract more people because they have religious or cultural significance.

(II) In the same way people tend to move away from places where there is social and political unrest.

(III) Many a times governments offer incentives to people to live in sparsely populated areas.

(IV) The population growth or population change refers to the change in number of male inhabitants of a territory during a specific period of time.

Options:

(a) Only statements (I), (II), (IV) are correct.

(b) Only statements (I), (III), (IV) are correct.

(d) Only statements (I), (II), (III) are correct.

Ans. (d) Only statements (I), (II), (III) are correct.

4. Arrange the following in the sequential order of their impact on global trade:

(I) Development of shipping containers

(II) Introduction of the steam engine in ships

(III) Establishment of the Silk Road

(IV) invention of the internet

Options:

(a) (I), (IV), (III), (II)

(b) (II), (IV), (I), (III)

(d) (II), (III), (I), (IV)

Ans. (c) (III), (II), (I), (IV)

5. The volume of goods and services imported as well as exported by a country to other countries is called _____________

(a) dumping

(b) trade liberalization

(d) bilateral trade

Ans. (c) balance of trade

6. Arrange the following states in order of their density of population from highest to lowest.

(I) Delhi

(II) Arunachal Pradesh

(III) Kerala

(IV)Tamil Nadu

Codes:

(a) (I), (III), (V), (II)

(b) (IV), (III), (II), (I)

(d) (II), (I), (IV), (III)

Ans. (a) (I), (III), (V), (II)

7. Determine the phase of population based on the description provided.

We call this time frame the period of steady population growth.” The mortality rate decreased as a result of nationwide improvements in sanitation and health. Better communication and transportation systems simultaneously enhanced the distribution system. Compared to the preceding phase, the growth rate was higher during this time because to the persistently high crude birth rate.

(a) Phase I 1901-1921

(b) Phase Il 1921-1951

(d) Phase IV post 1981 till present

Ans. (b) Phase Il 1921-1951

8. When the rainfall is in excess of soil moisture requirement of plants during rainy season. Such regions may face flood and soil erosion hazards. This type of farming is called_____________

(a) Wetland farming

(b) Dryland farming

(d) Irrigation farming

Ans. (a) Wetland farming

9. There are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Mark your answer as per the codes provided below.

Assertion (A): Mineral fuels are essential for generation of power, required by agriculture, industry transport and other sectors of the economy.

Reason (R): Mineral fuels like coal, petroleum and natural gas (known as fossil fuels), nuclear energy minerals, are the non-conventional sources of energy.

Options:

(a) Both (A) and (R) are true but R is not the correct explanation of (A).

(b) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

(d) (A) is correct but (R) is incorrect.

Ans. (d) (A) is correct but (R) is incorrect.

10. ldentify the statement(s) that is/are NOT true with regard to Target Area Planning.

(I) Particular attention must be paid to places that have remained economically underdeveloped during the planning phase.

(II) Regional imbalances in economic development were getting benefitted.

(III) it includes well developed areas.

(IV) in addition to resources, technology and investment are necessary for economic progress.

Options:

(a) Only statements (I) and ((V) are not true.

(b) Only statements (II) is not true.

(d) Only statements (IV) is not true.

Ans. (c) Only statements (III) is not true.

11. A group of students were conducting research on sea ports in India. They come across of a port which is located in the state of Karnataka and caters to the needs of the export of iron-ore and iron concentrates. Additionally, it deals with molasses, wood pulp, yarn, coffee, tea, fertilisers, petroleum products, culinary oils, and granite stone. Karnataka is the major hinterland for this port. Which sea port students need to research?

(a) New Mangalore Port

(b) Chennai Port

(d) Tuticorin Port

Ans. (a) New Mangalore Port

12. Which one of the following is incorrectly matched?

Ans. Option (d)

13. Sher Shah Suri built the Shahi (Royal) road to strengthen and consolidate his empire from the Indus Valley to the Sonar Valley in Bengal This road was renamed during the British period, connecting Calcutta and Peshawar. Choose the correct name of the road.

(I) Grand Trunk road

(II) National Highways

(III) Border Road

(IV) State Highways

Codes:

(a) Only statements (I) and (III) are correct.

(b) Only statement (I) is correct.

(d) Only statement (IV) is correct.

Ans. (b) Only statement (I) is correct.

14. Bharatmala is a proposed umbrella scheme for __________

(a) Development of District

(b) Developed areas religious

(d) developed areas religious

Ans. (c) Setubharatam Pariyojana

Read the graph and answer the following questions no.15-17:

15. Identify the year in which maximum growth in import can be seen?

(a) 2014-15

(b) 2015-16

(d) 2021-22

Ans. (d) 2021-22

16. ldentify the value in Rs. of export in the year 2016-17.

(a) 1800000

(b) 2000000

(d) 2400000

Ans. (a) 1800000

17. Which year you can see the difference between import and export is maximum?

(a) 2014-15

(b) 2015-16

(d) 2021-22

Ans. (d) 2021-22

SECTION – B

(Questions number 18 and 19 are Source- Based Questions.)

18. Read the passage carefully and answer the questions that follows:

Quinary Activities

The highest level of decision makers or policy makers perform quinary activities. These are subtly different from the knowledge based industries that the quinary sector in general deals with.

Quinary activities are services that focus on the creation, re-arrangement and interpretation of new and existing ideas; data interpretation and the use and evaluation of new technologies. Often referred to as ‘gold collar’ professions, they represent another subdivision of the tertiary sector representing special and highly paid skills of senior business executives, government officials, research scientists, financial and legal consultants, etc. Their importance in the structure of advanced economies far outweighs their numbers.

Outsourcing has resulted in the opening up of a large number of call centres in India, China, Eastern Europe, Israel, Philippines and Costa Rica. It has created new jobs in these countries. Outsourcing is coming to those countries where cheap and skilled workers are available. These are also out migrating countries. With the work available through outsourcing, the migration in these countries may come down. Outsourcing countries are facing resistance from job seeking youths in their respective countries.

The comparative advantage is the main reason for continuing outsourcing. New trends in quinary services include knowledge processing outsourcing (KPO) and ‘home shoring. the latter as an alternative to outsourcing. The KPO industry is distinct from Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) as it involves highly skilled workers. It is information driven knowledge outsourcing. KPO enables companies to create additional business opportunities. Examples of KPOs include research and development (R and D) activities, e-learning. business research, intellectual property (P) research, legal profession and the banking sector.

(A) What are quinary activities?

Ans. Quinary activities involve creating, interpreting, and evaluating new ideas, data, and technologies.

(B) List two positive result of Outsourcing.

Ans. Outsourcing has resulted in the opening up of a large number of call centres in India, China, Eastern Europe, Israel, Philippines and Costa Rica. It has created new jobs in these countries.

Ans. The Knowledge Process Outsourcing (KPO) industry differs from Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) as it requires highly skilled workers and is focused on information-driven tasks.

19. Study the following table and answer the questions:

(A) By how much did India’s imports increase between 2009-10 and 2021-22?

Ans. India’s imports increased by Rs. 32,09,039 crore between 2009-10 and 2021-22 (Rs. 45,72,775 crore – Rs. 13,63,736 crore).

(B) Analyse the trend in India’s trade balance from 2004-05 to 2021-22 and explain the key observation.

Ans. The trade balance consistently shows a negative trend, indicating that India has been importing more than it exports. From 2004-05 to 2021-22, the trade deficit increased significantly from -1,25,725 crore to -14,25,753 crore, suggesting a growing reliance on imports over the years.

Ans. In 2021-22, India’s exports exceeded Rs. 30,00,000 crore.

SECTION –C

(Questions number 20 to 23 are Short Answer Type Questions.)

20. Explain main features and characteristics of the welfare approach to development?

Ans. The main features and characteristics of the welfare approach to human development are:

(1) The welfare approach views human beings as recipients or beneficiaries of all developmental initiatives.

(2) The government is expected to allocate substantial funds towards providing education and healthcare services to everyone, as these are seen as the government’s core responsibilities.

(3) In this approach, people are considered passive recipients of development rather than active participants.

‘The use of technology helped people to overcome nature’s obstacles’. Analyse the statement with examples.

Ans. The use of technology helped people to overcome nature’s obstacles in the following ways:

(1) Over time, people gain a deeper understanding of their environment and the forces of nature.

(2) With social and cultural advancements, humans develop improved and more efficient technologies.

(3) They progress from a state of necessity to one of freedom, creating new opportunities by utilising resources from their environment.

(4) Technology has enabled the people of Trondheim and others to overcome the limitations imposed by nature.

(5) Examples include health resorts in highlands, expansive urban developments, coastal ports, and satellites in space.

21. Study the map of a trans-continental railway and answer the following questions:

(A) Name the railway line and the country where it lies.

Ans. Trans-Siberian Railway, Russia.

(B) Name the stations marked as (A) and (B).

Ans. (1) Angarsk (2) Chita

Ans. It runs through the Chita, which is an important agro-Centre and Irkutsk, a fur Centre. It has helped in opening up its Asian region to West European markets. It also connects links to the Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Mongolia and China.

22. Prepare a proposal of any three economic factors affecting population distribution in the world.

Ans. Economic factors affecting population distribution in the world are:

(1) Minerals: Areas with rich mineral deposits attract industries, leading to mining and industrial activities that generate employment. As a result, skilled and semi-skilled workers migrate to these regions, making them densely populated.

(2) Urbanisation: Cities offer better employment opportunities, improved educational and medical facilities, and more efficient transportation and communication systems. The availability of good civic amenities and the allure of city life attract people to urban centres.

(3) Industrialisation: Industrial belts provide a wide range of job opportunities, drawing large numbers of people. These areas employ factory workers, transport operators, shopkeepers, bank employees, doctors, teachers, and other service providers, contributing to population growth and economic development in these regions.

23. Enumerate the ways Neo-determinism try to achieve balance between two concepts of man-environment relationship?

Ans. Neo-determinism tried to achieve balance between two concepts of man- environment relationship in the following ways:

(1) Neo-determinism suggests that there is neither absolute necessity nor complete freedom in the relationship between humans and nature.

(2) It implies that humans can master nature by working within its boundaries.

(3) Like following traffic signals, people must heed nature’s limits, advancing in development only when nature allows for modification.

(4) Opportunities can be created within environmental constraints, ensuring development occurs without causing harm, much like avoiding accidents by respecting limits. (Any three points)

SECTION –D

(Questions number 24 to 28 are Long Answer Type Questions.)

24. How do you define ‘density of population’ Elaborate any four geographical factors the distribution influence of that population in the world.

Ans. Density of population refers to the number of people living per unit area of land, usually measured in people per square kilometer or square mile. It provides an average figure indicating how crowded or sparsely populated a region is. The formula to calculate population density is:

Geographical factors influencing the distribution of population are:

(1) Availability of Water: Water is crucial for life; thus, people gravitate toward areas with easy access to fresh water. River valleys, due to their water resources, are among the most densely populated regions globally.

(2) Landforms: Flat plains and gentle slopes are preferred for habitation as they facilitate agriculture and infrastructure development. Mountainous and hilly areas pose challenges for transport and hinder agricultural and industrial growth, leading to lower population density.

(3) Climate: Extreme climates, such as very hot or cold deserts, are uncomfortable for human habitation. Regions with a temperate climate and minimal seasonal variation attract larger populations.

(4) Soils: Fertile soils are vital for agriculture and related activities. Areas with fertile loamy soils support intensive agriculture, resulting in higher population densities

25. Assess the factors that affect the of inland waterways. development Explain the significance of Rhine inland waterways.

Ans. Importance of Inland Waterways are as follows:

(1) Historical Significance: Rivers, canals, lakes, and coastal areas have served as essential waterways throughout history. In ancient times, riverways were major transportation routes, particularly in regions like India.

(2) Transport Modes: Boats and steamers are commonly used for transporting cargo and passengers via inland waterways.

(3) Development Factors: The navigability of rivers relies on their width, depth, water flow continuity, and applicable transport technology.

(4) Cargo Transport: Inland waterways effectively transport heavy cargo, such as coal, cement, timber, and metallic ores.

(5) Decline of Importance: The rise of railways, irrigation diversion, and poor maintenance have diminished the importance of river transport.

(6) Modern Modifications: Many rivers have been enhanced for navigability through dredging, bank stabilisation, and the construction of dams and barrages to regulate water flow. (Any three points)

The Rhine Waterways

(1) Location: Flows through Germany and the Netherlands, navigable for 700 km from Rotterdam to Basel.

(2) Ocean Access: Ocean-going vessels can reach as far as Cologne.

(3) Industrial Significance: The Ruhr River joins from the east, flowing through a rich coalfield, making the basin a prosperous manufacturing area.

(4) Main Port: Düsseldorf serves as the Rhine port for the Ruhr region.

(5) Heavy Traffic: The Rhine is the world’s most heavily used waterway, with over 20,000 ocean-going ships and 2,00,000 inland vessels exchanging cargo annually.

(6) Connectivity: Links industrial regions of Switzerland, Germany, France, Belgium, and the Netherlands with the North Atlantic Sea Route. (Any two points)

‘Diverse factors including advancements in transport and communication systems play a crucial role in shaping the patterns and scale of international trade.’ Justify the statement with suitable points.

Ans. (1) Difference in National Resources: Diverse geological structures and climate lead to variations in natural resources, influencing the types of goods countries trade, like minerals or agricultural products.

(2) Population Factors: Cultural and demographic differences create unique crafts and products, with population size impacting both internal and external trade capacities.

(3) Stage of Economic Development: The nature of traded goods shifts based on a country’s economic development— developing nations trade agricultural products, while industrialised nations export machinery and finished goods.

(4) Extent of Foreign Investment: Investments drive trade in developing regions, especially in capital-intensive industries, by boosting production and creating demand for imports and exports.

(5) Transport: Modern advancements in transportation (rail, air, ocean) have enabled international trade to flourish, expanding markets and making global commerce more efficient.

26. Evaluate the meanings and benefits of Sustainable Development.

Ans. (1) Definition of Development: Development refers to the state of societies and the changes they undergo, shaped by human-environment interactions.

(2) Interaction Processes: These processes depend on the technology and institutions of a society, fostering accelerated technological progress and institutional creation.

(3) Multi-dimensional Concept: Development signifies a positive and irreversible transformation of the economy, society, and environment.

(4) Sustainable Development Emergence: The late 1960s saw rising environmental awareness, prompting concern over industrial development’s negative effects on nature, fueled by works like “The Population Bomb” and “The Limits to Growth.”

(5) Brundtland Report: In 1987, the UN’s World Commission on Environment and Development, led by Gro Harlem Brundtland, defined sustainable development as meeting present needs without compromising future generations’ ability to meet theirs.

(6) Key Aspects of Sustainable Development: It addresses ecological, social, and economic dimensions, advocating for resource conservation to benefit future generations and ensuring the holistic development of humanity. (Any five points)

‘The Drought Prone Area Programme was initiated during the Fourth Five Year Plan correct names. India to address the challenges faced by drought-prone regions’ Justify the statement with suitable answer.

Ans. (1) Employment Generation: The Drought Prone Area Programme aims to provide employment opportunities to the people residing in drought-affected areas. By focusing on labour-intensive civil works initially, and later on projects related to irrigation and land development, the programme helps in alleviating poverty and improving the livelihood of the affected communities.

(2) Ecological Restoration: The programme emphasises restoring ecological balance by focusing on sustainable agricultural practices. This is crucial as the increasing population pressure leads to the exploitation of marginal lands, which can cause ecological degradation.

(3) Integrated Development: The approach of integrated watershed development at the micro-level is significant in addressing the multifaceted issues in drought-prone areas.

(4) Focus on Infrastructure: The programme includes the development of basic rural infrastructure, such as roads, electricity, and market access, which are essential for enhancing the quality of life and enabling economic activities in drought-prone areas.

(5) Adaptive Strategies: By identifying drought-prone districts and focusing on areas like Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Madhya Pradesh, the programme tailors its strategies to the specific needs of each region.

27. ‘Different Mass Communication System plays an important role in the development of a country. Substantiate the statement with suitable arguments.

Ans. Different Mass Communication System and their role in the development of a country is given below:

(1) Radio Broadcasting in India began in 1923 with the Radio Club of Bombay.

(2) It gained popularity and influenced the sociocultural life of people. It brought under government control in 1930 as the Indian Broadcasting System.

(3) It was renamed All India Radio (AIR) in 1936 and Akashvani in 1957. AIR broadcasts include information, education, and entertainment programs, along with special news bulletins.

(4) TV services began in 1959, initially limited to the National Capital and expanded to other centres in 1972. In 1976, TV was separated from AIR, and Doordarshan (DD) was formed.

(5) INSAT-IA satellite (National TelevisionDD1) enabled Common National Programmes, reaching remote rural areas.

(6) Satellites are crucial for communication and monitoring larger areas, benefiting economically and strategically. Used for weather forecasting, disaster monitoring, and border surveillance.

(7) Indian Satellite Systems: INSAT (multipurpose satellite, 1983) and IRS (remote sensing, operational since 1988).

(8) India’s PSLV enables satellite launches; the NRSC in Hyderabad processes satellite data, aiding in natural resource management. (Any five points)

‘Cyberspace in contemporary society has a great significance in transforming communication and economic activities.’ Justify the statement.

Ans. (1) Global Connectivity: Cyberspace has created a platform for instant communication across the globe. The ability to connect with others without physical movement has revolutionised personal and professional interactions, fostering a more interconnected world.

(2) Economic Transformation: The rise of e-commerce has fundamentally changed the way businesses operate. Online transactions enable businesses to reach a global market, enhancing trade opportunities and driving economic growth.

(3) Access to Information: The internet provides unparalleled access to information, facilitating e-learning and empowering individuals with knowledge. This democratisation of information allows for a more informed society, leading to better decision-making.

(4) Governance and Services: E-governance has transformed the way governments interact with citizens. It allows for efficient delivery of services and enhances transparency, enabling citizens to access information and services conveniently.

(5) Cultural Exchange: Cyberspace enables the exchange of ideas and cultural practices, promoting diversity and understanding among different cultures. This cultural interaction fosters tolerance and enriches societal values.

28. Give reasons why technological innovations in modern manufacturing industries is necessary.

Ans. Technological innovations, driven by research and development, play a crucial role in modern manufacturing by improving quality control, reducing waste, and combating pollution. Below are key aspects:

(1) Advanced Machine Technology: The use of complex machines allows for the production of high-quality goods in less time, enhancing efficiency and meeting higher standards of precision in manufacturing.

(2) Capital Investment: Vast capital is essential to adopt the latest technological advancements. Modern machinery with cutting-edge technology enables industries to remain competitive and improve productivity, ensuring that they meet market demands effectively.

(3) Specialisation and Division of Labour: Extreme specialisation and division of labor are necessary to operate advanced machines efficiently. Skilled workers who specialise in specific tasks contribute to smoother and more efficient production processes.

(4) Automation: Automation represents the most advanced stage of mechanisation, where machines perform tasks without human intervention. This reduces the need for human decision-making during the manufacturing process, increases efficiency, and minimises errors.

“High technology, or high-tech, represents the latest generation of manufacturing activities’ Explain the statement with suitable arguments.

Ans. High technology, or high-tech industries, represent the latest generation of manufacturing, which has rapidly expanded in recent decades. These industries are characterised by the following features:

(1) Research and Development (R&D): High-tech industries rely heavily on scientific research and development to create highly sophisticated and innovative products, constantly improving to meet market demands.

(2) Highly Skilled Labour: The production of advanced, intricate products requires a workforce of highly skilled professionals, often referred to as whitecollar workers, who possess specialised expertise in their respective fields.

(3) Automation and Technology Integration: High-tech industries utilise advanced technologies such as robotics, computer-aided design (CAD), and electronic controls in production processes, making operations more eff

(4) Modern Industrial Landscape: Instead of traditional large factories and storage spaces, high-tech industries are characterised by modern, low-rise buildings that combine office, plant, and lab spaces, reflecting the streamlined and clean nature of their operations

(5) Continuous Product Innovation: These industries quickly adapt and refine their products to stay competitive and satisfy evolving consumer needs.

SECTION –E

(Questions number 29 and 30 are Map based Questions having 5 sub-parts each.)

29. On the given political map of the World, seven geographical features have been marked as (A), (B), (C), (D), (E), (F) and (G). ldentify ANY FIVE with the help of the following information and write their correct names.

(A) Shipping Canal

(B) A major airport of Asia

(D) A seaport in Europe

(E) A Nomadic Herding area

(F) A major airport in North America

(G) Region of extensive commercial grain agriculture