SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER (2021-22)
GEOGRAPHY (029)
TERM II
CLASS 12
Time: 2 Hrs Max. Marks: 35
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
I. Question paper is divided into 5 sections A, B, C, D & E
II. In section A question number 1 to 3 are Very Short Answer type questions. Attempt any 3 questions
III. In section B question number 4 is Source based question.
IV. In section C question number 5 & 6 are Short Answer based questions.
V. In section D question number 7 to 9 are Long Answer based questions.
VI. In section E question number 10 is a Map based question
SECTION A
Attempt all questions: –
Q.1 Explain any two important features of cottage industries.
1- Small scale production
2- Production is for subsistence purpose
3- Family members involve in production activity
Q.2. Define Secondary Activities.
Secondary activities add value to natural resources by transforming raw materials into valuable products. Cotton in the boll has limited use but after it is transformed into yarn
Q.3. Differentiate between Rural marketing and Urban marketing.
Rural marketing centres cater to nearby settlements. These are quasi-urban centres. personal and professional services are not well-developed. These form local collecting and distributing centres. Most of these have mandis (wholesale markets) and also retailing areas. Periodic markets in rural areas are found where there are no regular markets and local periodic markets are organised at different temporal intervals.
Urban marketing centres have more widely specialised urban services. They provide ordinary goods and services as well as many of the specialised goods and services required by people. Urban centres, therefore, offer manufactured goods as well as many specialised markets develop, e.g. markets for labour, housing, semi or finished products. Services of educational institutions and professionals such as teachers, lawyers, consultants, physicians, dentists and veterinary doctors are available.
OR
Differentiate between departmental stores and chain stores.
Departmental stores delegate the responsibility and authority to departmental heads for purchasing of commodities and for overseeing the sale in different sections of the stores.
Chain stores are able to purchase merchandise most economically, often going so far as to direct the goods to be manufactured to their specification. They employ highly skilled specialists in many executive tasks. They have the ability to experiment in one store and apply the results to many.
SECTION B
Q.4. ‘Manufacturing Industry’
Manufacturing literally means ‘to make by hand’. However, now it includes goods ’made by machines’. It is essentially a process which involves transforming raw materials into finished goods of higher value for sale in local or distant markets. Conceptually, an industry is a geographically located manufacturing unit maintaining books of accounts and records under a management system. As the term industry is comprehensive, it is also used as synonymous with ‘manufacturing’. When one uses terms like ‘steel industry’ and ‘chemical industry’, one thinks of factories and processes. But there are many secondary activities which are not carried on in factories such as what is now called the ‘entertainment industry’ and ‘Tourism industry’, etc. So, for clarity, the longer expression ‘manufacturing industry’ is used
Q.4.1. What do you understand by the term Management System of Industry?
An industry is a geographically located manufacturing unit maintaining books of accounts and records under a management system
Q.4.2. “Manufacturing produced more useful things by the process.” Give one suitable example
Secondary activities add value to natural resources by transforming raw materials into valuable products.
Cotton in the boll has limited use but after it is transformed into yarn
Q.4.3. How the ‘Entertainment industry’ and ‘Tourism industry’ are different from steel industry?
When one uses terms like ‘steel industry’ and ‘chemical industry’, one thinks of factories and processes. But there are many secondary activities which are not carried on in factories such as what is now called the ‘entertainment industry’ and ‘Tourism industry’, etc. So, for clarity.
SECTION C
Q.5. Railways plays a vital role more than roadways to promote trade and tourism in the world. Support this statement with three suitable arguments.
Railways are a mode of land transport for bulky goods and passengers over long distances. Commuter trains are very popular in U.K., U.S.A, Japan and India. These carry millions of passengers daily to and fro in the city. The industrial regions exhibit some of the highest densities in the world. The important rail heads are London, Paris, Brussels, Milan, Berlin and Warsaw. Passenger transport is more important than freight in many of these countries. Underground railways are important in London and Paris. Channel Tunnel, operated by Euro Tunnel Group through England, connects London with Paris. Trans-continental railway lines have now lost Trans–continental railways run across the continent and link its two ends. They were constructed for economic and political reasons to facilitate long runs in different directions.
Q.6. “Mass communication system like Radio and Television plays an important role in the life of people.” Elaborate the statement with three suitable examples
Radio broadcasting started in India in 1923 by the Radio Club of Bombay. Since then, it gained immense popularity and changed the sociocultural life of people. Within no time, it made a place in every household of the country. Government took this opportunity and brought this popular mode of communication under its control in 1930 under the Indian Broadcasting System. It was changed to All India Radio in 1936 and to Akashwani in 1957. All India Radio broadcasts a variety of programmes related to information, education and entertainment. Special news bulletins are also broadcast at specific occasions like session of parliament and state legislatures. Television broadcasting has emerged as the most effective audio-visual medium for disseminating information and educating masses. Initially, the T.V. services were limited only to the National Capital where it began in 1959. After 1972, several other centres became operational. In 1976, TV was delinked from All India Radio (AIR) and got a separate identity as Doordarshan (DD). After INSAT-IA (National Television-DD1) became operational, Common National Programmes (CNP) were started for the entire network and its services were extended to the backward and remote rural areas.
OR
Evaluate the role and importance of waterways in the economic development of India?
The Inland Waterways Authority has also identified 10 other inland waterways, which could be upgraded. The backwaters (Kadal) of Kerala has special significance in Inland Waterway. Apart from providing cheap means of transport, they are also attracting a large number of tourists in Kerala. The famous Nehru Trophy Boat Race (VALLAMKALI) is also held in the backwaters. For the development, maintenance and regulation of national waterways in the country, the Inland Waterways Authority was set up in 1986. The following waterways have been declared as the National Waterways by the Government Waterways is an important mode of transport for both passenger and cargo traffic in India. It is the cheapest means of transport and is most suitable for carrying heavy and bulky material. It is a fuel-efficient and eco-friendly mode of transport. The water transport is of two types– (a) inland waterways, and (b) oceanic waterway India has a vast coastline of approximate 7,517 km, including islands. Twelve major and 185 minor ports provide infrastructural support to these routes. Oceanic routes play an important role in the transport sector of India’s economy. Approximately 95 per cent of India’s foreign trade by volume and 70 per cent by value moves through ocean routes. Apart from international trade, these are also used for the purpose of transportation between the islands and the rest of the country.
SECTION D
Q.7. ‘The growth in tourism industry is more because of various developments.” What are the main attractions of tourist in the world? Explain any five.
The growth in tourism industry- Demand: and Transport The main attractions of tourist in the world
1. Climate:
2. Landscape:
3. History and Art
4. Culture and Economy:
Q.8. How the Air and Noise pollutions are harmful for environmental degradation? Evaluate it by giving suitable reasons and suggestions reduction of it.
Air pollution is taken as addition of contaminants, like dust, fumes, gas, fog, odour, smoke or vapour to the air in substantial proportion and duration that may be harmful to flora and fauna and to property. With increasing use of varieties of fuels as the source of energy, there is a marked increase in emission of toxic gases into the atmosphere resulting in the pollution of air. Combustion of fossil fuels, mining and industries are the main sources of air pollution.
Smoky fog over cities called as urban smog is caused by atmospheric pollution. It proves very harmful to human health. Air pollution can also cause acid rains. Rainwater analysis of urban environment has indicated that pH value of the first rain after summer is always lower than the subsequent rains.
Noise pollution refers to the state of unbearable and uncomfortable to human beings which is caused by noise from different sources. This matter has become a serious concern only in recent years due to a variety of technological innovations. The main sources of noise pollution are various factories, mechanised construction an demolition works, automobiles and aircraft, etc. There may be added periodical but polluting noise from sirens, loudspeakers used in various festivals, programmes associated with community activities. The level of steady noise is measured by sound level expressed in terms of decibels (dB). Of all these sources, the biggest nuisance is the noise produced by traffic, because its intensity and nature depend upon factors, such as the type of aircraft, vehicle, train and the condition of road, as well as, that of vehicle (in case of automobiles). In sea traffic, the noise pollution is confined to the harbour due to loading and unloading activities being carried. Industries cause noise pollution but with varying intensity depending upon the type of industry. Noise pollution is location specific and its intensity declines with increase in distance from the source of pollution, i.e. industrial areas, arteries of transportation, airport, etc. Noise pollution is hazardous in many metropolitan and big cities in India
OR
The slums became the serious problem for the local authorities. Analyse the statement with suitable examples in connection with The Swachh Bharat Mission.
These are inhabited by those people who were forced to migrate from the rural areas to these urban centres in search of livelihood but could not afford proper housing due to high rent and high costs of land. They occupy environmentally incompatible and degraded areas. Slums are residential areas of the least choice, dilapidated houses, poor hygienic conditions, poor ventilation, lack of basic amenities, like drinking water, light and toilet facilities, etc. Open defecation, unregulated drainage system and overcrowded narrow street patterns are serious health and socioenvironmental hazards.
Moreover, most of the slum population works in low-paid, high risk-prone, unorganised sectors of the urban economy. Consequently, they are the undernourished, prone to different types of diseases and illness and can not afford to give proper education to their children. The poverty makes them vulnerable to drug abuse, alcoholism, crime, vandalism, escapism, apathy and ultimately social exclusion.
The Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) is part of the urban renewal mission launched by the Government of India to improve the quality of life in urban slums.
Q.9. ‘The command area of Indira Gandhi Rajasthan Canal has been become the life line for the western part of Rajasthan.” Highlights any two benefits and two negative impact of command area and one measure to promote sustainable development in this area
Introduction of canal irrigation has brought about a perceptible transformation in the agricultural economy of the region. Soil moisture has been a limiting factor in successful growing of crops in this area. Spread of canal irrigation has led to increase in cultivated area and intensity of cropping. The traditional crops sown in the area, gram, bajra and jowar have been replaced by wheat, cotton, groundnut and rice. This is the result of intensive irrigation. This intensive irrigation, no doubt, initially has led to tremendous increase in agricultural and livestock productivity. This has also caused waterlogging. and soil salinity, and thus, in the long run, it hampers the sustainability of agriculture.
SECTION E
Q. 10. On the outline map of India indicate and mark the following features (Attempt any 5)
a) a) Iron ore mines of Odisha
Mayurbhanj
b) Oil Refinery located in Utter Pradesh.
Mathura
c) The largest Lignite coal mines.
Neyveli
d) Westernmost terminal of East-West Corridor.
Porbander
e) Northernmost Metropolitan city connected by Golden Quadrilateral.
Delhi
f) Copper mines of Jharkhand.
Hazaribagh
