SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER (2021-22)
GEOGRAPHY (029)
TERM II
CLASS 12
Time: 2 Hrs Max. Marks: 35
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
I. Question paper is divided into 5 sections A, B, C, D & E
II. In section A question number 1 to 3 are Very Short Answer type questions. Attempt any 3 questions
III. In section B question number 4 is Source based question.
IV. In section C question number 5 & 6 are Short Answer based questions.
V. In section D question number 7 to 9 are Long Answer based questions.
VI. In section E question number 10 is a Map based question
SECTION A
Attempt all questions: –
Q.1 In what way secondary activities add value to natural resources? Give two Examples
Secondary activities add value to the natural resources by transforming raw materials into valuable products. For example, any two.
(i) Cotton in the boll has limited use, but after transforming into yarn, it becomes more valuable and can be used for making clothes.
(ii) Iron-ore cannot be used directly from the mines but after being converted into steel, it can be used formaking many valuable machines, tools, etc. (iii) Materials from the farms, forest products and resources of the sea can be put into greater use by secondary activities.
Q.2. Define Quaternary activities.
Quaternary Activities: People Engaged in Quaternary Activities These activities centre around research, development and may be seen as an advanced form of services involving specialised knowledge and technical skills. Quaternary activities involve collection, production and distribution of information. The service sector which is knowledge oriented comes under quaternary activities. For example, a medical transcriptionist and a CEO of an MNC (Multi-National Company) work under this sector. They are highly specialised professionals with deep knowledge in their particular field.
Q.3. Differentiate between retail trading and wholesale trading.
The business activities concerned with the sale of goods directly to the consumers known as retail trading,while wholesale trading constitutes bulk business through numerous intermediary merchants.
OR
Differentiate between departmental stores and chain stores.
Departmental stores delegate the responsibility and authority to departmental heads for purchasing of commodities, while chain stores are able to purchase merchandise most economically, often going so far as to direct the goods to be manufactured to their specifications.
SECTION B
Q.4. Read the case/source given and answer the following questions.
The iron and steel industry forms the base of all other industries and therefore, it is called a basic industry. It is basic because it provides raw material for other industries such as machine tools used for further production. It may also be called a heavy industry because it uses large quantities of bulky raw materials and its products are also heavy.
Iron is extracted from iron ore by smelting in a blast furnace with carbon (coke) and limestone. The molten iron is cooled and moulded to form pig iron which is used for converting into steel by adding strengthening materials like manganese.
The large integrated steel industry is traditionally located close to the sources of raw materials-iron ore, coal, manganese and limestone-or at places where these could be easily brought, e.g. near ports. But in mini steel mills access to markets is more important than inputs. These are less expensive to build and operate and can be located near markets because of the abundance of scrap metal, which is the main input. Traditionally, most of the steel was produced at large integrated plants, but mini mills are limited to just one-step process-steelmaking – and are gaining ground
Q.4.1. How iron is manufactured from iron ore?
Iron is extracted from iron ore by smelting in a blast furnace with carbon (coke) and limestone. The molten iron is cooled and moulded to form pig iron which is used for converting into steel by adding strengthening materials like manganese.
Q.4.2. Why iron and steel industry is regarded as a key industry and bulky industry?
The iron and steel industry forms the base of all other industries and therefore, it is regarded as a key industry. It is basic because it provides raw material for other industries such as machine tools used for further production.
Iron ore industry may also be called a bulky or heavy industry because it uses large quantities of bulky raw materials and its products are also heavy like machine tools, parts of automobiles, railways and so on.
Q.4.3. How significance of mini steel plants is growing in recent time?
The significance of mini steel plants is gaining in recent time in the following ways • As compared to large integrated steel industry, mini steel mills need only nearness to market places rather than other location factors; thus, these can be set up anywhere. Mini steel mills are less expensive to build and operate. They need only scrap metal which is the main input.
SECTION C
Q.5. Explain any three points of economic significance of Trans-Siberian railways.
The Trans-Siberian railways is a major rail route of Russia. It runs from St. Petersburg in the West to Vladivostok in the East on the Pacific coast. The economic significance of these railways is
(i) It has made it possible to link Asian markets with the European markets. Now goods can be easily transported between the two continents, which provides a boost to the economies of both continents.
(ii) It connects various commercial centres in Europe and Asia and provides push to trade and commerce. For example, it runs through Ural Mountains and connects Chita (Agro centre) to Irkutsk (fur centre).
(iii) This railway network has improved connectivity towards its South by the connecting links such as towards Odessa (Ukraine), Ulan Bator (Mongolia), Beijing (China) etc. Thus, the economies of these regions have also integrated by the network.
Q.6. Satellites and computers have brought revolutionary changes in the present life of the people. Elaborate the statement with three suitable examples.
Satellites touch human lives in many ways. Every time we use a cell phone to call a friend, send an SMS or watch a popular programme on cable television, we are using satellite communication. These have rendered the unit cost and time of communication invariant in terms of distance. Today weather forecasting through television is a boon in saving the loss of life and property.
As billions use the Internet each year, cyberspace will expand the contemporary economic and social space of humans through email, e-commerce, e-learning and e-governance. The Internet together with fax, television and radio will be accessible to more and more people cutting across place and time. It is these modern communication systems, more than transportation that has made the concept of global village a reality
OR
What are the important characteristics of border roads?
The important characteristics of border roads are:
-These roads are constructed on the international borders by some specialised agency in a country.
-These roads are important for strategic as well as defence purposes as they help in providing access to strategically important areas along the borders. These roads are important for the economy of the people living along the border areas as these are used to supply goods and connect the border areas with major cities.
SECTION D
Q.7. Define the term tourism. Explain any four factors which attract tourists in the world.
Tourism is defined as travel which is done for the purpose of recreation rather than tourism. It provides opportunities for growth of infrastructure industries, retail trading and craft industries.
Four factors that attract tourists in the world are
(i) Climate The climatic conditions of many regions decides the demand for tourism. People from colder regions visit those places where climate is warm and sunny. People going for winter holidays have specific requirements such as higher temperatures than their homeland or high snow cover for winter sports like skiing. Tourism flourished in Mediterranean region due to climatic factors.
(ii) Landscape and Scenic Beauty: People visit those areas that are famous for their scenic beauty and picturesque landscape. These areas include mountain regions, lakes, sea coasts, grasslands, hills etc. Tourism in Himalayan states has flourished due to its landscape.
(iii) History and Art People visit those areas which are famous for their art and history. These areas have higher historical significance and are known for their art forms. These include ancient towns, castles, palaces, churches, battlefields, excavation sites etc.
(iv) Culture and Economy People who take interesting art and culture are attracted most towards such places having diverse traditions and customs. Cheaper places which are pocket friendly also attract tourists from all over the world.
Q.8. How is the use of plastic bags harmful for environmental degradation? Evaluate it by citing suitable reasons.
Plastic is a non-biodegradable substance and its use and production should be minimum. Plastic debris is found absolutely everywhere, from the Arctic to Antarctica. It clogs street drains in our cities; it litters campgrounds and national parks, and is even piling up on Mount Everest. But thanks to runoff, and to our fondness for directly dumping our trash into the nearest river or lake, plastic is growing increasingly common in the world’s oceans. When plastics are broken down, this simply means one large piece of plastic is reduced into a bunch of smaller pieces of plastic. These smaller pieces of plastic can be consumed by smaller animals, but are still indigestible. It affects all organisms in the food chain from tiny species like plankton through to whales. Toxins work their way up the food chain when plastic is ingested and can even be present in the fish people eat. From cell phones to bicycle helmets to IV bags, plastic has moulded society in ways that make life easier and safer. But the synthetic material also has left harmful imprints on the environment.
● Chemicals added to plastics are absorbed by human bodies. Some of these compounds have been found to alter hormones or have other potential human health effects.
● Plastic debris, laced with chemicals and often ingested by marine animals, can injure or poison wildlife.
● Floating plastic waste, which can survive for thousands of years in water, serves as mini transportation
devices for invasive species, disrupting habitats.
● Plastic buried deep in landfills can leach harmful chemicals that spread into groundwater.
● Around 4 percent of world oil production is used as a feedstock to make plastics, and a similar amount is
consumed as energy in the process.
OR
The disposal of urban waste has become a serious concern for the local authorities. Analyse the statement with suitable examples.
The problem of overcrowded, congested and insufficient infrastructure of urban areas results in accumulation of huge urban waste. There are two sources of urban waste. Household or domestic sources and industrial or commercial sources. The mismanagement of urban waste disposal is a serious problem in big cities. Tons of waste come out daily in metropolitan cities and are burnt. The smoke released from the waste pollutes the air. Lack of sewers or other means to dispose of human excretes safely and the inadequacy of garbage collection sources adds to water pollution. The concentration of industrial units in and around urban centres gives rise to a series of environmental problems. Dumping of industrial waste into rivers is the major cause of water pollution. The solid waste generation continues to increase in both absolute and per capita in cities. This improper disposal of solid waste attracts rodents and flies which spread diseases. The thermal plants release a lot of smoke and ash in the air. For example, a plant producing 500mw electricity releases 2000 tons of ash which is difficult to manage
Q.9. “Hill Area Development Programmes in India were drawn keeping in view their topographical, ecological, social and economic conditions Support this statement with suitable explanation.
Yes, it is true that Hill Area Development Programmes in India were drawn keeping in view their topographical, ecological, social and economic conditions because the main objectives of these programmes were to develop horticulture. plantation agriculture, animal husbandry, poultry, forestry, small scale and village industry. By this efficient use of local resources may become possible National Committee on the Development of Backward Area (1981) set a criterion that the hill areas having a height above 600 m and not covered under tribal sub-plan be treated as backward hill areas. The programme covered all the hilly districts of Uttar Pradesh (present Uttarakhand), Mikir hill and North hills of Assam, Darjiling district of West Bengal and Nilgiri district of Tamil Nadu. In drawing up the plans for the region, ecological elements were kept in mind. The aim of plan was to harness local resources without environmental degradation. In the regard deforestation was prohibited and pollution of different type was discharged Along with economic topographical and ecological sphere, social sphere was also given due attention in implementation of the plan. The objective of plan was to promote marginalised and socially backward classes.
SECTION E
Q. 10. On the outline map of India indicate and mark the following features (Attempt any 5)
a) Iron ore mines of Orrisa.
Mayurbhanj
b) Oil Refinery located in Bihar.
Baruni
c) The largest Manganese mine in MP.
Balaghat
d) Easternmost terminal of East-West Corridor.
Silchar
e) Southernmost Metropolitan city connected by Golden Quadrilateral.
Chennai
f) Oldest Copper mines of Rajasthan.
Khetri
