SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER (2021-22)
GEOGRAPHY (029)
TERM II
CLASS 12
Time: 2 Hrs Max. Marks: 35
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
I. Question paper is divided into 5 sections A, B, C, D & E
II. In section A question number 1 to 3 are Very Short Answer type questions. Attempt any 3 questions
III. In section B question number 4 is Source based question.
IV. In section C question number 5 & 6 are Short Answer based questions.
V. In section D question number 7 to 9 are Long Answer based questions.
VI. In section E question number 10 is a Map based question
SECTION A
Attempt all questions: –
Q.1 Why Iron and Steel industry is considered a basic Industry?
Iron and steel provides base for all other industries, so it is called a basic industry. It is used to make everything from sewing needle to rail sheets, tubes, wires machines etc.
Q.2. Give the meaning of retail trading services.
Retail trading services link the producers with consumers. It is the business activity concerned with the sale of goods directly to consumers. Street peddling, handcarts, trucks, online order, etc are examples of non-store retail trading.
Q.3. What is the Golden Quadrilateral?
It is a super-highway project linking Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai and Mumbai. It has six super highways. It forms the shape of a Quadrilateral.
SECTION B
Q.4. ‘Manufacturing Industry’
This has been one of the major industrial regions of Europe for a long time. Coal and iron and steel formed the basis of the economy, but as the demand for coal declined, the industry started shrinking. Even after the iron ore was exhausted, the industry remained, using imported ore brought by waterways to the Ruhr. The Ruhr region is responsible for 80 per cent of Germany’s total steel production. Changes in the industrial structure have led to the decay of some areas, and there are problems of industrial waste and pollution. The future prosperity of the Ruhr is based less on the products of coal and steel, for which it was initially famous, and more on the new industries like the huge Opel car assembly plant, new chemical plants, universities. Out of-town shopping centers have appeared resulting in a ‘New Ruhr’ landscape.
Q.4.1. What is the name of the coal field and where it is located?
The name of the coal field is the Ruhr Coal field and it is located in Germany
Q.4.2. Which mineral has formed the basis of economic for this region?
Coal and iron and steel formed the basis of the economy, but as the demand for cold declined, the industry started shrinking. Even after the iron ore was exhausted, the industry remained, using imported ore brought by waterway to the Ruhr.
Q.4.3. What kind of problem this region is facing?
Change in the industrial structure have led to the decay of some areas, and there are problems of Industrial waste and pollution.
SECTION C
Q.5. “India has one of the largest network of roads in the world.” Support the statement with examples
Roads. The road network in India is one of the largest in the world. The road length has increased from 397.62 thousand kilometres in 1950-51 to around 42 lakh kilometres. Of the total kilometreage, the length of the surfaced (metalled) roads increased from 156.11 thousand kilometres in 1950-51 to 833.0 thousands kilometres while the unsurfaced (unmetalled) road length during the same period increased from 241.5 thousand kilometres to 940 thousand kilometres. National Highways. A number of important National Highways in India run in north-south and east- west directions. They link one part with the other
• Sher Shah Suri Marg is historically very important. It connects Kolkata with Peshawar. It is now known as National Highway 1, which links Delhi and Amritsar,
• National Highway 2 which links Delhi and Kolkata
• National Highway 3 runs between Agra and Mumbai via Gwalior, Indore and Nasik.
• National Highway 7 is the longest one which links Varanasi with Kanyakumari via Jabalpur, Nagpur, Hyderabad, Bangalore and Madurai. It traverses a distance of 2,325 km.
• National Highways 5 and 17 run along the eastern and western coasts respectively.
• National Highways 15 represents the border road in Rajasthan desert and run through Kandla, Jaisalmer, Bikaner and joins the border road in Punjab.
Q.6. Explain with examples any three major problems associated with urban waste disposal in India.
Mismanagement and environmental problem related to solid waste have now become a major problem, in India, most of the solid wastes are not collected properly. Impacts of improper management of solid wastes are. 1. Solid wastes are a threat to human health and can cause various diseases. It creates the foul smell and it harbours flies and rodents that can cause typhoid, diphtheria, diarrhoea, malaria, cholera and other diseases. 2. Solid waste can create inconvenience rapidly if they are not properly handled, wind and rainwater can splitted it and cause discomfort to people. 3. Industrial solid waste can cause water pollution by dumping it into water bodies. Drains carrying untreated sewage also result in various health problems.
OR
What do you mean by ‘Open Sky Policy 5?
➔ Air transport terminals are called airports. Air transport cost is comparatively very high, and therefore, it is mainly used for passenger services.
➔ Only light and valuable cargo is dispatched by cargo aircraft. In order to help Indian exporters and make their export more competitive, the Government of India introduced the ‘open sky policy5 for cargo.
➔ Under this policy any foreign airlines or association of exporters can bring freighters to the country for upliftment of cargo.
SECTION D
Q.7. Which is the longest trans-continental railway of North America? Describe it’s any four features
The longest trans-continental railway line in North America is Trans-Canadian Railway line. It covers a distance of 7050 km, running from Halifax in the East to Vancouver on the Pacific Coast. The Trans-Canadian railway line is considered the economic artery of Canada due to the following reasons
(i) It connects the important industrial cities of Montreal, Ottawa. Winnipeg and Calgary. Goods and people can be easily transported to and from these economic centres with the railways
(ii) It connects Quebec-Montreal industrial region with the wheat but of Prairie region. Thus, raw materials and finished products are transported with these railways.
(iii) The line also connects the Coniferous forest region in the North to the Quebec Montreal and the Prairies. All these regions have become complementary to each other and they support economic activities.
(iv) A loop line from Winnipeg to Thunderbay (Lake Superior) connects this rail line with one of the most important waterways in the world. This is used for exporting various products.
Q.8. What do you know about ‘Namami Gange Programme’? What are its main objectives?
Namami Gange Programme Ganga, as a river, has national importance but the river requires cleaning by effectively controlling the pollution for its water. The Union Government has launched the ‘Namami Gange Programme’ with the following objectives:
• developing sewerage treatment systems in towns,
• monitoring of industrial effluents,
• development of river front,
• afforestation along the bank of increase biodiversity,
• cleaning of the river surface,
• development of ‘Ganga Grams’ in Uttarakhand, UP, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal, and
• creating public awareness to avoid adding pollutants in to the river even in the form of rituals.
OR
What do you know about the Sustainable Development? How this term came to Light?
Sustainable Development
• Development is a multi-dimensional concept and signifies the positive, irreversible transformation of the economy, society and environment.
• In the post-World War II era, the concept of development was synonymous to economic growth which was measured in terms of GNP (Gross National Product), Per capita income and consumption.
• But, even the countries having high economic growth, experienced speedy rise in poverty because of its unequal distribution. So, in 1970s, the phrases such as redistribution with growth and growth and equity were incorporated in the definition of development.
• In 1970s, it was realized that the concept of development cannot be restricted to the economic sphere alone So it included the well-being and living standard of people, availing of the health, education and equality of opportunity and ensuring political and civil rights.
• The notion of sustainable development emerged in the wake of general rise in the awareness of environmental issues in the late 1960s in Western World people.
• The publication of ‘The Population Bomb’ by Ehrlich in 1968 and ‘The Limits to Growth’ by Meadows and others in 1972 further raised the level of fear among environmentalists in particular and people in general.
• This sets the scenario for the emergence of new models of development under a broad phrase ‘sustainable development.’
• WCED (World Commission on Environment and Development) headed by Norwegian Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland gave its report (Brundtland report) Our Common Future in1987.
• The report defines Sustainable Development as a “Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”
• Sustainable development takes care of ecological, social and economic aspects of development during the present times and pleads for conservation of resources to enable the future generations to use these resources.
Q.9. Explain the locational factors of industries with the help of suitable examples.
Manufacturing. Manufacturing is a secondary process of transforming raw materials into finished products. The raw materials of agriculture, forests, minerals are changed into new products. For example, clay is changed into pottery; timber is changed into furniture. These manufactured goods are more useful and valuable than the raw materials. The location of manufacturing industries depends on a number of physical and socio-economic factors. These factors are called the basis of industries. No single factor decides the location of industries:
1. Nearness to raw materials. Large quantities of raw materials are needed for industries. Therefore, industries are located near the source of raw materials. The industries are located near mines, forests, farms and seas. It saves the cost of transportation. Sugar mills are located in the areas where sugarcane is produced.
Iron and steel industry uses bulky raw materials. Steel centres are developed where coal and iron are easily available. Industries producing perishable goods (meat, fish and dairy products) are located near the areas of production.
Example: Jute mills in West Bengal and Cotton Textile mills in Maharashtra are located due to the availability of the raw materials.
2. Power resources. Coal, oil and water power are the main sources of power. Most of the industries are located around coal-fields. The industrial regions of Damodar Valley (India) and Ruhr Valley (Germany) depend upon coal.
Some industries use large amount of electricity. Such industries like chemical industries, aluminium industries and paper industry are located near hydroelectric stations, Petrochemical Industries use large quantities of petroleum. Example: Iron and steel centres in India are located near Jharia and Raniganj coal-fields. Chemical fertilizer plant is located at Nangal where cheap water power is available from Bhakra Project.
3. Means of transportation. Modern industries need cheap, developed arid quick means of transportation. Water-transport is the cheapest means of transport. Cheap means of transportation are required for the movement of workers, raw materials and machinery to the factories.
Manufactured goods should be sent to the market at low cost. Example: The great industrial regions of the world (Europe and the U.S.A.) lie at the ends of North Atlantic Ocean Route. Great Lakes provide cheap transport to the industrial region of the U.S.A.
4. Climate: Stimulating climate increases the efficiency of the labourers. Certain industries require special type of climate. Cotton Textile industry requires humid climate. Film industry needs good weather with clear blue sky. Areas with favourable climate become huge markets.
Examples: Mumbai is the leading centre of Cotton Textile due to wet coastal climate. Dry climate has led to the location of Aircraft Industry at Bengaluru (India) and California (U.S.A.).
5. Capital. Large amount of capital is invested in many industries. Many industries have been located in big cities like Delhi, Mumbai and Kolkata. Many banks and companies provide capital in these areas.
6. Skilled labour. Cheap and skilled labour is essential for the location of the industries. Areas of dense population provide cheap and large labour force. Engineering industries need skilled labour.
Example: Cotton Textile industry in Lancashire, Glass industries in Ferozabad, Sports goods industry in Jalandhar are located due to availability of the skilled labour. The Swiss are known for watch making, the British for specialized cotton textiles, the Japanese for electronic goods and Varanasi is known for silk embroidery.
SECTION E
Q. 10. On the outline map of India indicate and mark the following features (Attempt any 5)
a) Bauxite mines of Katni.
b) International Airport of Ahmedabad.
c) The largest Lignite coal mines.
d) Major Sea Port of Marmagao.
e) Software Technology Park of Bengaluru.
f) Cotton Textile of Surat.
