Class XI – Political Science Paper – 3

Ans. (c) A-iii, B-i, C-iv, D-ii

Explanation: A. Presidential (iii): In a presidential system, the President serves as both the head of state and the head of the government. This means that the President has executive powers and is responsible for the administration of the country, similar to the role of a Prime Minister in a parliamentary system.

B. Semi Presidential (i): In a semi-presidential system, there is a dual executive structure where the President is the head of state and the Prime Minister is the head of government. Both the President and Prime Minister have significant powers and responsibilities.

C. Parliamentary (iv): In a parliamentary system, the head of government is usually the Prime Minister. The President, in this case, serves as the ceremonial head of state and doesn’t hold significant executive powers. The real decision-making and governance are carried out by the Prime Minister and the Parliament.

D. Constitutional Monarchy (ii): In a constitutional monarchy, a king or queen serves as the ceremonial head of state within the framework of a constitution. The monarch’s powers are limited by the constitution, and the actual governance is carried out by elected representatives and government official.

Ans. (d) A two-thirds majority in both Houses of Parliament and half the states’ consent

Explanation: Hybrid culture refers to the blending or fusion of elements from different cultural backgrounds, often resulting from the interaction of western modernity and local cultural systems. This interaction can lead to the emergence of new cultural expressions, practices, and identities that incorporate both traditional and modern elements. Hybrid culture reflects the dynamic nature of cultural exchange in a globalised world, where different cultural influences converge and interact.

Ans. (b) Hybrid culture

Explanation: Hybrid culture refers to the blending or fusion of elements from different cultural backgrounds, often resulting from the interaction of western modernity and local cultural systems. This interaction can lead to the emergence of new cultural expressions, practices, and identities that incorporate both traditional and modern elements. Hybrid culture reflects the dynamic nature of cultural exchange in a globalised world, where different cultural influences converge and interact.

Ans. (b) Both (A) and (R) are correct, and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

Explanation: Both the Assertion and the Reason are accurate statements. Some critics do view secularism as excessively interventionist, fearing that it might infringe upon religious freedom by getting involved in religious matters. Indian secularism does indeed aim for principled distance from religious institutions, but the Reason does not directly explain why some critics view secularism as interventionist. The Reason provides an additional perspective on Indian secularism but doesn’t directly explain the assertion that critics view secularism as excessively interventionist.

Ans. (c) Rational thinking and self-interest

Explanation: Rawls emphasises that rational thinking and self-interest drive fairness and justice in society. He introduced the concept of the ‘original position’ and the ‘veil of ignorance,’ where individuals make decisions about principles of justice without knowing their own position in society, thereby encouraging rational thinking to ensure fairness for all.

Ans. (b) Distributing power to various levels of government

Explanation: In the context of governance, decentralisation signifies distributing power and authority to various levels of government, such as local governments and regional bodies. This allows for more local decision-making and citizen participation in governance.

Ans. (c) Tolerance and acceptance

Explanation: Tolerance and acceptance are key values associated with liberalism as a political ideology. Liberalism emphasises individual freedom, diversity of thought, and the protection of individual rights, including the right to hold differing opinions and beliefs. Tolerance and acceptance of diverse perspectives are essential for upholding these principles.

Ans. (a) Karl Marx

Explanation: Karl Marx was an important nineteenth- century thinker who argued that the root cause of economic inequality was private ownership of important economic resources. He advocated for public control over essential resources and forms of property to tackle inequality.

Ans. (c) By negotiation, discussion, and sometimes legal means

Explanation: Disputes in democratic societies related to issues like migration and equal membership are often resolved through negotiation, discussion, and sometimes legal means. Democratic societies prioritise peaceful and participatory resolution methods over the use of force.

Ans. (a) Disparity in students’ abilities

Explanation: In the scenario where students are awarded equal marks for an exam, the approach might seem unjust due to the disparity in students’ abilities. Students have different levels of understanding, preparation, and skills, and awarding equal marks may not reflect their actual performance.

Ans. (d) (A) is correct, but (R) is incorrect.

Explanation: The Assertion is correct because the Indian Constitution is indeed a product of blending western modernity with traditional Indian values. It incorporates democratic principles, Fundamental Rights, and the rule of law from western concepts while also drawing from India’s rich cultural heritage, diversity, and social practices.

However, the Reason is incorrect. The Indian Constitution was not drafted without considering the cultural ethos of the Indian people. In fact, the framers of the Constitution were deeply aware of India’s cultural and social diversity, and they consciously incorporated provisions that respect and accommodate this diversity. The Constitution does not merely borrow extensively from Western Constitutions; it is a unique document that reflects India’s specific historical, social, and cultural context.

Ans. (c) one third

Explanation: One-third of the positions in all panchayat institutions are reserved for women as a means to promote women’s participation and representation in local governance. This reservation helps address gender-based inequalities and empowers women in decision-making processes at the grassroots level.

Ans. A just society is one in which all individuals are treated fairly and equitably, regardless of their background, identity, or circumstances. It upholds fundamental human rights, ensures equal opportunities for all, and prevents discrimination or marginalisation. In a just society, laws and institutions are designed to promote social and economic well-being, address inequalities, and foster a sense of belonging and community among its members.

Ans. In both Bangladesh and Pakistan, Hindu and Sikh minorities often face challenges related to religious discrimination and limited representation. These communities have reported incidents of forced conversions, land disputes, and social exclusion. Despite constitutional guarantees, their political and economic participation remains limited, impacting their overall well-being and access to opportunities.

Ans. Yes, I agree. Religious discrimination incidents remind us of the ongoing significance of secularism. Secularism ensures equal treatment of all religions by the state, preventing the dominance of any particular religion. It safeguards individual freedom of belief and promotes social harmony. As religious tensions persist, the commitment to secularism remains crucial to maintaining a diverse and inclusive society.

Ans. ‘Wasted votes’ refer to votes cast for losing candidates or those that exceed the number required for a winning candidate. In the First Past the Post system, only the candidate with the maximum votes wins, making surplus and losing votes ineffective in influencing the outcome. For instance, if Candidate A receives 45% of votes, Candidate B gets 30%, and Candidate C gets 25%, votes for B and C are considered ‘wasted’ as they don’t contribute to victory, potentially leading to a skewed representation of people’s preferences.

Ans. The governor of a state must possess the following qualifications:

(i) It shoud be a citizen of India,

(ii) have attained the age of 35 years,

(iii) not hold any office of profit under the

Government of India or any State Government,

(iv) and not be a member of the legislature of any state or union territory.

Ans. A Zila Parishad is formed through elections. Members are directly elected by the voters of the rural areas within a district. The elected members include representatives from various constituencies, ensuring local representation and participation in the decision-making process at the district level.

Ans. Renunciation involves a voluntary act where an individual consciously decides to surrender their citizenship. This often arises when one acquires citizenship in another nation or for personal reasons that prompt the desire to sever their legal ties to their home country. Deprivation, on the other hand, is an involuntary process. It occurs when a government revokes an individual’s citizenship due to various reasons, such as engaging in criminal activities or posing a threat to national security. This action is taken to safeguard the interests of the nation and its citizens. Termination encompasses situations where an individual’s citizenship comes to an end through specific legal provisions. This can occur when a person voluntarily obtains citizenship in another country with automatic loss provisions or when certain conditions specified by the government are met.

Ans. The Constituent Assembly of India was a pivotal body responsible for drafting and adopting the Constitution of India, which laid the foundation for the country’s democratic governance and principles. Formed in 1946, the Assembly consisted of elected representatives from various provinces, princely states, and special groups, totalling 389 members. These members were chosen by the provincial legislatures using a single transferable vote system, while princely states nominated their representatives. Some Key Figures include Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Jawaharlal Nehru. The Assembly’s primary task was to draft the Constitution. It deliberated on various issues, debates, and discussions, ultimately leading to the adoption of the Constitution on November 26, 1949. The Constitution came into effect on 26th January 1950, marking India’s transition to a republic. The Constituent Assembly’s work was a remarkable exercise in democracy and consensus-building, considering India’s vast diversity. It reflected the aspirations of the people, enshrining Fundamental Rights, principles of governance, and mechanisms to safeguard democracy and pluralism.

Ans. The suitability of the Presidential form of government for India is a complex matter that involves weighing its advantages and disadvantages within the country’s unique context. The Advantages include Clear Separation of Powers, Stability, Direct Accountability, and Decisive Leadership. The Disadvantages include Potential for Conflicts, Lack of Flexibility, Concentration of Power, and Lack of Representation.

Given India’s diverse population, multi-party system, and need for balance between Central and State powers, a Parliamentary system has been adopted. This system provides for a collective decision-making process, ensures representation of various regions, and maintains a balance between executive and legislative branches through mutual accountability. While the Presidential system has merits, the Parliamentary system appears better suited to India’s democratic ethos, maintaining checks and balances while accommodating the country’s diverse political landscape.

Ans. Liberalists’ View of Justice: Liberalists emphasise individual rights, freedom, and equality as the foundation of justice. They believe in equal protection of rights, rule of law, and minimal government intervention. Justice, according to liberalists, is achieved when individuals have the autonomy to pursue their interests and rights within a fair legal framework, irrespective of social and economic conditions.

Marxists’ View of Justice: Marxists perceive justice through the lens of class struggle and economic equality. They argue that true justice can only be achieved by eliminating class distinctions and ensuring equitable distribution of wealth and resources. Marxists believe that a just society requires the abolition of private property, as economic inequality inherently leads to exploitation and oppression. For Marxists, justice is achieved when the means of production are collectively owned and controlled by the working class, leading to the eventual end of class divisions and social hierarchies.

Ans. The concept of equality entails treating all individuals with fairness, impartiality, and without discrimination based on factors such as gender, race, religion, or socioeconomic status. It emphasises providing equal opportunities, rights, and treatment to everyone, ensuring that no one is disadvantaged or privileged. Addressing this moral and political principle is essential as it upholds the Fundamental Rights and dignity of every person, fostering social harmony and justice. Equality promotes inclusivity, prevents marginalisation, and encourages diversity, enabling societies to tap into the potential and contributions of all members. By championing equality, societies create a just framework that empowers individuals to fulfil their potential and actively participate in building a more equitable and progressive world.

Ans. The Speaker of Lok Sabha is elected by its members through a voting process after names are proposed. Upon receiving the President’s approval, the chosen candidate becomes the Speaker. The Speaker’s roles encompass presiding over sessions, making rulings on parliamentary matters, representing the House to the President and Rajya Sabha, and appointing members to various committees. Additionally, the Speaker maintains order, exercises a casting vote in case of a tie (except for a no-confidence motion), and ensures the House’s smooth functioning. The Speaker’s political neutrality is essential to uphold democratic principles. The Speaker also safeguards members’ rights and privileges, and their decisions play a pivotal role in shaping the proceedings and decorum of the Lok Sabha, thereby contributing to the effectiveness of the parliamentary process.

Ans. Bye-elections, also known as special elections, are conducted to fill vacant seats in a legislative body between scheduled general elections due to reasons like death or resignation. They aim to maintain representation in a specific constituency until the next general election. Mid-term elections, on the other hand, occur midway through the term of an incumbent government or legislative body. They provide an opportunity for voters to reassess the government’s performance and potentially alter the balance of power. While bye-elections are localized and address specific vacancies, mid-term elections have broader implications for the political landscape and attract more attention due to their potential to reshape the composition of the governing body.

Ans. (d) All of these

Explanation: Acts such as minimizing air and water pollution, protecting the ozone layer, and maintaining ecological balance are considered essential for the ‘common good.’ These actions benefit society as a whole by ensuring a safe and sustainable environment for present and future generations.

Ans. (a) equal rights

Explanation: The principle of ‘equal rights’ places a limitation on our rights by ensuring that while exercising our rights, we do not infringe upon the rights of others. This principle maintains a fair and balanced approach to individual rights within a society.

Ans. (c) Balance the conflicting rights

Explanation: When there is a conflict between different rights, individuals and societies need to balance these competing rights to ensure that the overall well-being and harmony are maintained. Balancing rights helps avoid situations where the exercise of one right might lead to the infringement of another.

Ans. (c) express my views on sustainable development

Explanation: The right to freedom of expression allows individuals to express their opinions on various matters, including societal issues like sustainable development. However, this right is not absolute and may be subject to limitations to prevent harm or violation of other rights.

Ans. Judicial review is the power vested in the judiciary to examine and evaluate the constitutionality of laws, actions, and decisions made by the legislative, executive, and administrative branches of government. It ensures that these actions adhere to the provisions of the Constitution and do not infringe upon Fundamental Rights or violate the constitutional framework.

Ans. During judicial review, the Supreme Court of India possesses the following powers:

• The court can assess whether a law or action conforms to the provisions of the Constitution.

•  It can determine whether laws or actions infringe upon the Fundamental Rights guaranteed to citizens.

•  The court can examine whether laws are consistent with the division of powers between the Central and State Governments as outlined in the Constitution.

• If a law is found to be unconstitutional, court can strike it down.

Ans. Judicial review is a crucial and important feature of the Indian judiciary. It serves as a safeguard against the potential abuse of power by the government and ensures the supremacy of the Constitution. By reviewing laws and actions for their constitutionality and compliance with Fundamental Rights, the judiciary upholds the rule of law and protects citizens’ rights.

Ans. Yes, the Supreme Court can review laws passed by State legislatures to ensure they are consistent with the Constitution’s provisions and the distribution of powers.

Ans. Fundamental Right Violation: The Fundamental Right being violated in the case of child labour is the Right Against Exploitation.

Ans. Provision of the Right: The provision in relation to this picture is Article 24 of the Indian Constitution. Article 24 prohibits the employment of children below the age of 14 years in hazardous occupations. It states that ‘No child below the age of fourteen years shall be employed to work in any factory or mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment.’

Ans. In addition to the Right Against Exploitation, the Right to Education is also violated when children are engaged in hazardous labour.

Ans. From the United States Constitution:

(i) Preamble: The idea of the Preamble, which outlines the basic values and goals of the Constitution, is influenced by the United States Constitution.

(ii) Fundamental Rights: The concept Fundamental Rights, including the right to equality, freedom of speech, and right to life and personal liberty, is inspired by the U.S. Bill of Rights.

(iii) Judicial Review: The power of the judiciary to review and strike down laws that violate the Constitution, known as judicial review, is adopted from the United States.

(iv) Independence of Judiciary: The principle of an independent judiciary and the separation of powers among the three branches of government find their roots in the U.S. Constitution.

(v) Impeachment of President: The procedure for the impeachment of the President, as well as other high officials, is influenced by the U.S. Constitution.

From the Canadian Constitution:

(i) Federal Structure: The division of powers between the Central Government and State/ Provincial governments, as well as the distribution of powers in the Concurrent List, is influenced by the Canadian federal structure.

(ii) Residuary Powers: The Indian Constitution adopted the federal division of residuary powers between the center and states, similar to the Canadian model.

(iii) Concurrent List: The concept of a Concurrent List, where both Central and State Governments can legislate on certain subjects, is borrowed from the Canadian Constitution.

(iv) Procedure Established by Law: The phrase ‘procedure established by law’ in relation to the deprivation of life and personal liberty, as opposed to ‘due process of law,’ is influenced by the Canadian Constitution.

Ans. Achieving equality and reducing inequality necessitates a comprehensive approach that spans multiple domains of society. Education plays a pivotal role by ensuring equitable access to quality learning, bridging the knowledge gap, and breaking the cycle of intergenerational disparities. Employment opportunities must be provided without bias, accompanied by fair wages and diverse representation in workplaces to counter gender, racial, and socio-economic inequalities. Efforts to address healthcare disparities are crucial, demanding accessible and affordable medical services for all, thereby eliminating the link between economic status and health outcomes. Robust social safety nets and welfare programs can provide a safety buffer against economic inequalities, offering support to vulnerable populations. Legal reforms need to be in place to counter discrimination and uphold the rights of marginalised groups. Affirmative action policies can redress historical imbalances and ensure representation in various sectors. Embracing inclusivity and respecting diversity fosters a societal culture of equality. Equally vital is empowering marginalised groups through skill development, entrepreneurship, and resource access, promoting economic self-sufficiency. Encouraging political participation from underrepresented sections ensures their concerns are voiced and addressed. Awareness campaigns, unbiased media representation, and accurate educational curricula challenge stereotypes and biases, fostering a more informed and empathetic society. Research-driven policies and data collection highlight disparities, guiding effective interventions.

Ultimately, equality requires a collective effort that addresses systemic issues while promoting inclusivity, education, awareness, and equitable opportunities across domains. Only through such a holistic and sustained approach can societies hope to achieve meaningful progress towards a more just and equal world.

Ans. The power to legislate on matters covered under the State List in India is primarily vested in the State Legislatures of the respective states. The State List, enshrined in the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution of India, comprises subjects over which State Governments hold exclusive legislative authority. These subjects range from public health, police, and agriculture to local government and cultural affairs.

Laws formulated on matters within the State List are within the purview of the State Governments. State Legislatures have the authority to draft, pass, and enforce laws pertaining to these subjects, tailored to the specific needs and preferences of their respective states. However, certain exceptions exist where laws might be formulated by another level of government. In cases where the national interest, security, or economic unity necessitates a uniform law across all states, the Central Government can intervene. Additionally, some subjects are listed under the Concurrent List, allowing both the Central and State Governments to legislate concurrently. In cases of a conflict between central and state laws on Concurrent List subjects, the central law prevails.

Ans. Politics is not inherently undesirable; rather, it is a complex and crucial activity that holds the potential to shape societies and improve the world. While some might perceive politics as divisive, corrupt, or self- serving, it’s important to recognise that politics is the mechanism through which societies organise, make decisions, and allocate resources. It encompasses both the process of governance and the pursuit of collective goals. Politics allows individuals to participate in decision-making, influencing policies that impact their lives and the lives of others. Politics enables citizens to voice concerns, advocate for change, and hold leaders accountable. It provides an avenue for societal progress by addressing pressing issues such as inequality, climate change, and human rights. Meaningful change often requires policy adjustments and systemic reforms, which are driven by political action.

Moreover, politics shapes the nature of governance and the distribution of power. By actively participating in political processes, citizens can ensure that power is exercised responsibly, transparently, and in alignment with democratic values. Avoiding politics could lead to a void in responsible governance, leaving decisions in the hands of those who may not prioritise the common good.

While politics can be challenging due to conflicts, interests, and compromises, it remains an essential tool for shaping a just, equitable, and inclusive society. Rather than disengaging from it, individuals should strive to be informed, thoughtful participants who work towards creating positive change and fostering a better world through political engagement.

Ans. A democracy offers inherent advantages over authoritarian governments in effectively managing conflicting nationalist aspirations. Democracy’s foundational principles of inclusivity, representation, and protection of minority rights provide a conducive environment for addressing diverse nationalist demands. Democratic systems encourage dialogue and negotiation, allowing various groups to voice their concerns and aspirations within established frameworks. This participatory approach facilitates the peaceful resolution of conflicts and prevents the alienation that often accompanies authoritarian suppression. Minority rights are safeguarded in democracies through constitutional guarantees and institutions, preventing the dominance of one nationalist group over others. In contrast, authoritarian regimes tend to suppress minority voices, exacerbating tensions and potentially fuelling unrest. The legitimacy of democratic governments is derived from the people’s consent, contributing to stability and effective governance. Authoritarian regimes often lack this legitimacy, leading to distrust among nationalist groups and hindering conflict resolution efforts. Democracies often incorporate power-sharing mechanisms, such as federalism or devolution of authority, which accommodate diverse nationalist identities. These mechanisms ensure that different aspirations can coexist within a unified nation. Moreover, democratic nations’ adherence to the rule of law ensures that nationalist aspirations are pursued within legal boundaries, preventing arbitrary actions and promoting fairness. International diplomacy is also more effective for democracies in managing conflicting nationalist demands. Their transparency, accountability, and respect for human rights enhance their credibility and enable international mediation.

Ans. After successfully achieving independence from British rule, the leaders of the Indian national movement recognised the imperative of adopting a Constitution for the newly liberated nation. The decision to establish a Constitution was rooted in several crucial considerations.

Firstly, a Constitution provides a structured framework for governance based on the rule of law. It defines the roles, powers, and responsibilities of various branches of government, ensuring accountable and transparent administration. After decades of colonial rule, the leaders aspired to create a just and orderly society governed by principles of justice and equity. Secondly, a Constitution guarantees Fundamental Rights and freedoms to citizens, ensuring that the hard-won independence translated into tangible benefits for the people. By enshrining these rights, the Constitution safeguards individual dignity and prevents potential abuses of power. Moreover, a Constitution establishes a system of checks and balances, preventing the Concentration of authority and protecting against authoritarian tendencies. This was particularly relevant given the history of colonial oppression. By binding themselves and future generations to a constitution, the leaders aimed to institutionalize democratic values and ensure the stability of the newly formed nation. They sought to create a system that would safeguard social harmony, provide opportunities for development, and uphold the principles of justice and equality.

Ans. Freedom stands as a cornerstone of both individual fulfilment and societal progress, embodying essential values that are indispensable to human dignity and advancement. For individuals, freedom is the essence of autonomy and self-determination. It empowers individuals to make choices aligned with their beliefs, pursue their passions, and shape their lives according to their aspirations. This personal liberty fosters personal growth, creativity, and a sense of agency, nurturing a well-rounded and fulfilled populace. On the broader societal stage, freedom plays a pivotal role in upholding democratic principles and ensuring just governance. It safeguards citizens’ rights, enabling them to voice opinions, hold leaders accountable, and actively participate in shaping their communities. A society rooted in freedom encourages diversity of thought, as differing perspectives are valued and contribute to innovative solutions and societal progress. The importance of freedom transcends individual lives, permeating societies to shape governance, economics, and human rights. Embracing freedom empowers individuals to lead fulfilling lives and contributes to the creation of progressive, just, and harmonious societies that reflect the diverse tapestry of humanity.

Ans. Jawaharlal Nehru and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, two prominent figures in India’s post-independence era, held nuanced views on local government bodies, although their objections differed. Nehru, an advocate of strong central governance, viewed local governments with scepticism. He believed that a robust central authority was essential to maintain stability and unity in a diverse nation. Nehru’s emphasis on centralized planning, as exemplified by the Five-Year Plans, underscored his concerns about decentralized power potentially fostering regional disparities.

On the other hand, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar approached the issue from a social justice perspective. He expressed reservations about local governments due to his apprehensions about the perpetuation of existing social hierarchies and discrimination against marginalised communities, particularly the Scheduled Castes. Ambedkar emphasised the necessity of constitutional safeguards and central oversight to protect the rights of historically oppressed groups.In essence, Nehru’s reservations were tied to the need for national cohesion and development, whereas Ambedkar’s concerns centered on ensuring social equity and the rights of marginalised populations. Their distinct objections to local governments reflected their respective priorities within the broader context of India’s nation-building and the quest for social justice after gaining independence.