Class XI – Political Science Paper – 2

Ans. (c) The perspective of the worst-off

Explanation: Rawls’ theory of justice, as outlined in his book ‘A Theory of Justice,’ involves individuals making decisions behind a veil of ignorance,’ where they do not know their own social position, advantages, or disadvantages. This encourages individuals to consider the perspective of the least advantaged members of society and create a just system that benefits everyone, especially those in the worst-off positions.

Ans. (d) An attempt to restrict opportunities to locals

Explanation: The slogan Mumbai for Mumbaikars’ reflects an attempt to prioritise local residents for opportunities and resources in the city, which can be seen as a form of restricting opportunities to those who are considered locals. This perspective can lead to debates about inclusivity, fairness, and the rights of migrants in urban settings.

Ans. (a) Both (A) and (R) are correct, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Explanation: The reason logically explains the assertion. The assertion highlights the fact that the Indian Constitution was not put to a direct referendum, but it gained legitimacy and acceptance through the actions and adherence of the people. The reason explains that the Constitution’s authority came from the consensus and support of popular leaders, which contributed to its acceptance among the masses.

Ans. (d) Nationalism

Explanation: Nationalism has emerged as one of the most influential political ideologies that has significantly impacted history. It has the power to bring people together under a common identity and goal, leading to liberation from oppressive regimes and the formation of independent nations. However, nationalism has also been a source of division, conflict, and wars, as differing national interests and identities can lead to tensions between nations. Overall, nationalism’s complex impact on history highlights its dual role in both uniting and dividing societies, shaping the course of events in various ways.

Ans. (a) A-iv B-i C-ii D-iii

This matching associates each nationalist struggle with the respective countries or regions where these struggles have taken place.

Ans. (d) Rewarding people in proportion to their effort and quality of work

Explanation: Proportionate justice in terms of rewards or outcomes implies that individuals should be rewarded based on their level of effort and the quality of their work. This concept aims to ensure fairness by distributing rewards in proportion to the contribution made by each individual.

Ans. (c) Creamy layer

Explanation: The concept of the ‘creamy layer’ introduced by the Supreme Court refers to the relatively affluent or socially advanced members within the backward classes. It suggests that reservations for these classes should not benefit the creamy layer, as they are already relatively privileged and do not require the same level of affirmative action.

Ans. (d) It permits unrestricted amendments to any aspect of the Constitution, including the basic structure.

Explanation: The theory of the basic structure of the Constitution, as ruled in the Keshavananda Bharati Case, does not permit unrestricted amendments to any aspect of the Constitution, including the basic structure. Instead, it places specific limits on the Parliament’s power to amend the Constitution, stating that no amendment can violate the basic structure. The Judiciary is regarded as the final authority in determining if an amendment violates the basic structure.

Ans. (a) Western

Explanation: One criticism of Indian secularism is that it is considered a Western import. This criticism suggests that the concept of secularism in India was influenced by Western ideas and values, which might not fully align with the country’s cultural and religious diversity.

Ans. (d) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar

Explanation: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, a prominent social reformer, jurist, and the chairman of the drafting committee of the Indian Constitution, advocated for the inclusion of special protections for the scheduled castes (also known as Dalits) as a minority in the Indian Constitution. Ambedkar recognised the historical and social disadvantages faced by the scheduled castes and worked to ensure their representation and safeguard their rights through constitutional provisions. His efforts led to the inclusion of affirmative action measures and reserved seats for scheduled castes in legislatures and educational institutions, aimed at addressing historical discrimination and providing them with opportunities for socio-economic upliftment.

Ans. (a) Both (A) and (R) are correct, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Explanation: The assertion states that India defines itself as a secular, democratic nation state. The reason provided is that during the movement for independence, deliberate efforts were made to unite people of diverse religions, regions, and cultures. The reason provided supports the assertion. The movement for independence in India indeed aimed to bring together people from various backgrounds and unite them under a common identity. The deliberate attempts to foster unity among people of different religions, regions, and cultures contributed to the idea of India as a secular nation that respects diversity while promoting democracy.

Ans. (a) The Constituent Assembly was dominated by the privileged sections of society

Explanation: The criticism of the Constitution being ‘unrepresentative’ is related to the formation of the Constituent Assembly in India. This criticism suggests that the Constituent Assembly was primarily composed of representatives from the privileged and elite sections of society, such as landowners, educated professionals, and the upper classes. This dominance of the privileged sections led to concerns that the interests of marginalised and disadvantaged groups might not be adequately addressed in the drafting of the Constitution. This criticism highlights the need for a more inclusive representation that encompasses a wider spectrum of social. Economic, and cultural backgrounds.

Ans. The liberation of East Pakistan in 1971 resulted in the birth of Bangladesh as an independent nation. This event had implications on citizenship. Those who were previously considered citizens of Pakistan now became the citizens of Bangladesh. The partition led to changes in nationality, legal status, and rights for individuals from the region, illustrating the intricate relationship between political events and citizenship.

Ans. The Constitution of India was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on November 26, 1949, and it came into force on January 26, 1950. This day is celebrated as Republic Day in India.

Ans. The two variations of PR are:

(a) List Proportional Representation: Countries like Israel and Netherlands treat the entire nation as one constituency. Mixed Member Proportional Representation: Countries like Germany and New Zealand have a combination of single-member constituencies and party lists.

Ans. Yes, the President of India can be removed before completing the tenure through impeachment. Article 61 of the Indian Constitution outlines the impeachment process, requiring a two-thirds majority in both Houses of Parliament on grounds of violating the Constitution. This provision ensures that the President remains accountable to the Constitution and prevents abuse of power, maintaining checks and balances in the government.

Ans. People form nations to unite around shared culture and values, seeking a collective identity and mutual support. Nations aspire to establish self-governance, political stability, economic progress, and cultural preservation. Additionally, they aim for international recognition, national pride, and a harmonious society where citizens thrive and contribute positively to global affairs.

Ans. A Constitution’s impact on people’s lives is assured through enforceable rights, an impartial judiciary, and separation of powers, democratic governance, and the rule of law. Flexibility through amendments, public awareness, civil society, media, and a constitutional culture also contribute to translating its provisions into tangible effects, ensuring rights, justice, and accountable governance.

Ans. (i) Respect for the Constitution: Uphold and abide by the values, principles, and ideals enshrined in the Constitution.

(ii) Promote Harmony and Brotherhood: Foster a spirit of unity among diverse communities and discourage any form of discrimination.

(iii) Value National Heritage: Safeguard and preserve the rich cultural heritage of India.

(iv) Safeguard Public Property: Protect public property and resources for the collective benefit of society.

Ans. Studying political theory and mathematics differ significantly due to their nature and objectives. Political theory involves the exploration of ideas, ideologies, and the complexities of human behaviour in the context of governance and society. It often deals with subjective interpretations, historical context, and evolving social dynamics, making it less deterministic compared to mathematics. Political theories can be open to diverse interpretations and may not have universally applicable solutions. In contrast, mathematics is a precise, formal discipline governed by logical rules and axioms, leading to definitive solutions. It deals with abstract concepts and follows systematic processes, ensuring consistency and objectivity in its outcomes. While both fields require critical thinking, the study of political theory involves understanding human interactions, moral dilemmas, and societal nuances, making it inherently more dynamic and subject to interpretation. Mathematics, on the other hand, relies on exact calculations and logical deductions.

Ans. Rawls employs the concept of a ‘veil of ignorance’ as a thought experiment to establish a rational basis for fair and just distribution. He suggests that if individuals were to make societal decisions without

knowing their position, wealth, or abilities in that society, they would adopt principles that ensure fairness to all. This approach eliminates biases and self-interest, leading to the formulation of principles that protect the interests of the least advantaged, promoting a fair distribution. Rawls argues that rational individuals, under the veil of ignorance, would choose principles that balance equality and opportunity, aligning with his theory of justice as fairness and providing a rational foundation for a just society.

Ans. The Indian state grapples with the challenge of reconciling personal laws based on religious affiliations, leading to potential conflicts and gender inequalities. To address this, implementing a Uniform Civil Code (UCC) is suggested. A UCC would establish a common set of laws for personal matters like marriage, divorce, and inheritance, irrespective of religious backgrounds. While ensuring equality and safeguarding individual rights, its formulation should involve thorough consultations with diverse religious and cultural groups to maintain sensitivity to their concerns. This approach seeks to strike a balance between respecting cultural diversity and upholding Fundamental Rights, fostering unity and fairness in the legal framework.

Ans. Rights and duties are intertwined concepts in societal dynamics. Rights grant individuals certain entitlements, while duties correspond to responsibilities that ensure the balanced exercise of those rights. This reciprocity maintains social order, respects others’ rights, and upholds the common good. For instance, the right to freedom of expression entails the duty to use it responsibly, refraining from causing harm. Similarly, the duty to vote complements the right to participate in democratic processes, benefiting the community. This symbiotic relationship between rights and duties forms the foundation of a cohesive and just society, where individuals enjoy freedoms within the framework of their responsibilities towards others and the collective welfare.

Ans. To expedite justice in India’s often delayed legal system, cost-effective approaches can be employed:

(i) Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR): Encourage mediation, arbitration, and Lok Adalats for quicker out-of-court settlements.

(ii) E-Courts and Online Filing: Introduce technology-driven platforms for convenient case filing, document submission, and virtual hearings.

(iii) Specialised Fast-Track Courts: Establish dedicated courts for specific case types to accelerate proceedings and enhance expertise.

(iv) Pre-trial Conferences: Streamline issues, encourage settlements, and identify key evidence early in the litigation process.

(v) Enhanced Legal Aid: Strengthen legal aid services to ensure fair representation for all, preventing unnecessary delays.

(vi) Decriminalization and Declogging: Reassess minor offenses to unclog court dockets and prioritise serious cases.

Ans. Lok Adalats, or People’s Courts, are alternative dispute resolution mechanisms in India that offer speedy and cost-effective resolution of disputes. They operate on principles of conciliation and compromise, involving local communities and legal professionals as mediators. These Adalats, at various levels, handle civil, criminal, and compoundable cases, reducing the backlog in formal courts and providing accessible justice. Through their emphasis on mutual agreement, Lok Adalats not only ease the burden on the judicial system but also promote restorative justice, maintaining relationships among parties. Their success lies in voluntary participation, skilled mediation, and a commitment to swift resolution, ensuring justice for all.

Ans. (c) Rights

Explanation: The sentence talks about claims that individuals consider necessary for respect and dignity. These claims are described as rights, as they represent the conditions that are seen as essential for leading a dignified life.

Ans. (a) Economic independence

Explanation: Right to livelihood is considered important because it gives individuals economic independence. This economic independence is central to an individual’s dignity and self-respect.

Ans. (d) Facilitation of democratic governance

Explanation: Apart from personal creative expression, the right to express oneself freely is important for democratic governance. It allows for the free expression of beliefs and opinions, a crucial aspect of democratic systems.

Ans. (c) Universal

Explanation: Rights like the right to a livelihood and freedom of expression are important for all human beings living in society and are described as universal in nature. They are considered necessary for individuals universally, regardless of their background or circumstances.

Ans. People communicate their history by drawing pon collective memories, legends, and historical records. They articulate a sense of their identity by narrating stories, sharing legends, and referencing historical events that highlight their nation’s past achievements, struggles, and cultural heritage.

Ans. The basis of unity in India, according to nationalists like Jawaharlal Nehru, lies in its ancient civilization, cultural heritage, and the sense of oneness that transcends outward diversity. They claim that India’s civilisational continuity forms the bedrock of its national unity, despite the diverse languages, cultures, and traditions across the country.

Ans. ‘The Discovery of India’ was written by Jawaharlal Nehru, India’s first Prime Minister. In this book, Nehru explores India’s rich history, culture, and civilization, emphasising the unity amidst diversity that has shaped the nation.

Ans. Jawaharlal Nehru’s quote underscores the enduring unity of India amid its diversity. It suggests that beneath the outward differences lies a strong sense of oneness, moulded by historical continuity. This idea highlights how shared history forms a unifying force, transcending cultural variations and political challenges.

Ans. Opposition parties in the Parliament often resort to various methods of protest to voice their dissent and draw attention to issues. These include walkouts, staged walk-ins, boycotting proceedings, raising slogans, creating disruptions, and seeking debates on specific matters.

Ans. The judiciousness of protest methods depends on factors like the gravity of the issue, adherence to parliamentary norms, and the impact on legislative functioning. The effectiveness of the opposition’s protest can vary, with some instances garnering attention and affecting policy debates, while others might lead to criticism for hindering parliamentary business.

Ans. Walkouts and disruptions in Parliament hinder legislative progress, waste time; erode public trust, delay policy implementation, and compromise debates. They diminish accountability, effectiveness of opposition, and tarnish the institution’s image, leading to legislative backlog and dissatisfied citizens.

Ans. It is necessary for a constitution to place limitations on rulers to ensure the protection of individual rights, prevent abuse of power, and maintain a just and equitable governance system. Several reasons underscore the significance of such limitations:

(i) Safeguarding Individual Rights: Placing limitations on rulers prevents them from encroaching upon citizens’ Fundamental Rights and freedoms. By defining and upholding these rights in the Constitution, rulers are restrained from infringing upon individuals’ liberties.

(ii) Preventing Tyranny: Without checks and balances, rulers can become autocratic,

suppressing dissent and manipulating institutions. Constitutional limitations prevent the concentration of power and guard against authoritarianism.

(iii) Promoting Accountability: Constitutional limitations hold rulers accountable for their actions. When rulers know their actions are subject to scrutiny and legal boundaries, they are less likely to engage in corruption or misuse of authority.

(iv) Ensuring Rule of Law: Limitations establish a framework of laws that rulers must adhere to.

This upholds the principle of the rule of law, ensuring that governance is not arbitrary and that everyone, including rulers, is subject to the law.

(v) Balancing Interests: Constitutions ensure that rulers consider the interests of all citizens, not just a select few. Limitations foster a more inclusive and fair decision-making process that takes into account diverse perspectives.

(vi) Preventing Institutional Erosion: Constitutional limitations prevent rulers from undermining democratic institutions and norms, preserving the integrity of democratic governance over the long term.

(vii) Maintaining Social Harmony: Limitations on rulers promote policies that are fair and just, reducing the potential for discrimination, social unrest, and conflict within the society.

Ans. The victory of the Congress party in the 1984 Lok Sabha elections in India exemplifies the functioning of the First Past the Post (FPTP) electoral system through the phenomenon of “landslide victories.’ In the FPTP system, the candidate with the most votes in a constituency wins, regardless of whether they secure an absolute majority. The Congress party’s significant seat share in 1984 highlights this aspect. Despite not obtaining an absolute majority of the popular vote nationwide, the party won a vast number of seats due to a concentrated distribution of votes in specific constituencies. The FPTP system tends to favour parties that can gather the highest number of votes in individual constituencies, even if they fall short of a majority in terms of the overall popular vote. The Congress party’s win demonstrates how a concentrated regional or demographic support base can lead to sweeping victories, as was the case in many constituencies during that election. This outcome emphasises the system’s ability to produce strong single-party governments but can also result in a disconnect between the total vote share and the actual seat distribution. In the 1984 elections, the Congress party’s victory underscores how the FPTP system’s focus on constituency-level victories can lead to disproportional seat allocations based on concentrated support rather than a uniform distribution of votes across the nation.

Ans. Before the 73rd Amendment:

(i) Limited Autonomy: Local governments, known as Panchayats, had minimal administrative and financial autonomy, often operating as extensions of State Governments.

(ii) Lack of Representation: Their composition lacked adequate representation of marginalised sections, women, and backward classes, which hindered inclusivity.

(iii) Limited Functions: The scope of their functions was limited, mainly focusing on local development projects and basic services.

(iv) Dependence on State: Panchayats were financially dependent on State Governments for funds and decision-making, leading to slow development.

After the 73rd Amendment:

(i) Constitutional Recognition: The 73rd amendment constitutionally established Panchayats as the third tier of government, granting them recognition and legitimacy.

(ii) Greater Autonomy: Local governments gained more administrative, financial, and functional autonomy, enabling them to plan and implement local initiatives independently.

(iii) Reservations: The amendment mandated reservations for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and women in Panchayat positions, ensuring better representation and inclusivity.

(iv) Decentralisation of Power: Decision-making power and functions were decentralized, empowering local governments to manage education, healthcare, sanitation, and social justice.

(v) Direct Elections: Panchayat members are now directly elected by the people, ensuring democratic representation and accountability.

(vi) Own Revenue Sources: The amendment allowed Panchayats to levy certain taxes and collect revenue, reducing dependence on state funds.

Ans. Controlling the executive through the parliamentary system is crucial for upholding the principles of democracy, accountability, and checks and balances. This arrangement is driven by several reasons that underscore the necessity of regulating executive authority. Firstly, the essence of democracy lies in power being dispersed and held accountable. By vesting substantial control in the legislature over the executive, the system ensures that decisions are collectively made, reflecting the collective will of the people rather than the unilateral actions of a few. Secondly, unchecked executive power can lead to authoritarian tendencies and the erosion of citizens’ rights. Implementing control mechanisms such as legislative oversight guarantees that executive actions remain within the boundaries of legality, ethics, and respect for individual rights. Thirdly, ensuring accountability is a cornerstone of a healthy democracy. Parliamentary scrutiny and oversight mechanisms compel the executive to be answerable to elected representatives, promoting transparency and curbing corruption. Moreover, the separation of powers prevents any one branch, particularly the executive, from becoming excessively dominant. This balance serves as a safeguard against the concentration of power and the potential for abuse.

Lastly, the controlled executive ensures that policies and decisions reflect the diverse perspectives present in the legislature, representing the multifaceted needs of the population.

Ans. Imposing constraints on freedom becomes necessary and justifiable when adhering to the principle of preventing harm to others. John Stuart Mill’s ‘harm principle’ underscores that the sole legitimate reason for interfering with an individual’s liberty is to safeguard others’ well-being. Constraints are warranted when certain actions cause serious harm to specific individuals or society at large. This perspective seeks to strike a balance between individual freedom and the common good. Moreover, the principle of distinguishing between ‘self-regarding’ and ‘other-regarding’ actions is crucial. Constraints are justified when an action’s consequences extend beyond the individual actor, negatively impacting others. In these cases, external authorities, such as the state, have a role in preventing harm and maintaining social order.

On the other hand, constraints are not justifiable when they go beyond the scope of harm prevention or infringe upon personal choices that do not harm others. Excessive restrictions that do not correlate with the level of harm caused are disproportionate and risk encroaching upon individual freedoms. Similarly, minor inconveniences caused by actions like playing loud music may elicit social disapproval, but resorting to legal punishment is not warranted. In constitutional discussions, the term ‘reasonable restrictions’ is employed to delineate constraints that are defensible by reason and proportionate to the situation. These limitations aim to harmonise individual freedoms with societal interests while avoiding the creation of a restrictive environment.

Ans. The question of whether certain states should be governed by special provisions is a complex issue with implications for both unity and diversity within a country.

Governing some states with special provisions can be crucial to accommodate unique historical, cultural, or socio-political contexts. Such arrangements can help preserve the distinct identity and autonomy of certain regions, allowing them to address their specific needs and concerns effectively. However, this can also foster resentment among other states that perceive special provisions as preferential treatment. Unequal treatment might lead to feelings of unfairness and hamper national cohesion, potentially causing friction between regions. Balancing special provisions with the goal of national unity is essential. These arrangements can be successful if they are designed to promote inclusivity, equitable development, and a sense of shared citizenship. When implemented carefully, special provisions can be a way to celebrate diversity while working towards a united nation. The appropriateness of special provisions varies based on the historical and cultural context of a country.

India’s Article 371, for example, recognises the unique situation of various states and safeguards local customs, traditions, and resources.

Ans. The notion that achieving absolute economic equality is both unattainable and perhaps even undesirable stems from the recognition of inherent individual disparities in skills, aspirations, and contributions. Critics argue that a strict pursuit of such equality could potentially stifle incentives for innovation, personal growth, and competitive endeavours, which often underpin economic progress. Conversely, the proposition to focus on narrowing the disparities between the wealthiest and the most marginalised members of society acknowledges the significance of addressing socio-economic gaps. This approach aims to ensure equitable access to fundamental necessities and create avenues for social mobility. Proponents contend that a more balanced distribution of resources can foster a more harmonious and just social fabric. For instance, Scandinavian countries implement high tax rates on the wealthy to fund robust social welfare programs, aiming to bridge gaps between the rich and poor while sustaining economic development. In conclusion, while the allure of absolute economic equality persists, an approach that balances equitable opportunities with controlled disparities seems better aligned with practical realities. Such an approach recognises the multifaceted dynamics of economies and societies and aims to strike a sustainable balance between individual aspirations and collective well-being.