Class XI – Political Science Paper – 1

Ans. (b) A product of selective adaptation and innovative borrowing

Explanation: While drafting the Constitution, the framers drew inspiration from various sources, including the Constitutions of other countries, historical Indian documents, and indigenous traditions. They adapted and incorporated relevant principles and practices that suited the needs and aspirations of independent India. The Constitution reflects a blend of modernity and traditional Indian values, making it a unique document that caters to the diverse needs of the country.

Ans. (b) An independent judiciary to settle disputes

Explanation: To prevent conflicts between the Central and State Governments in a federal system, an independent judiciary is established to settle disputes. The judiciary has the authority to interpret the Constitution and resolve disputes between the Central Government and State Governments over matters of division of power or constitutional interpretations.

Ans. (c) The Directive Principles are guidelines for policy and social objectives, while the Fundamental Rights are individual rights.

Explanation: While the Fundamental Rights focus on protecting individual liberties and freedoms, the Directive Principles provide guidelines for the government to achieve social and economic justice and promote the welfare of the people. The Directive Principles are not legally enforceable, while the Fundamental Rights are justiciable and can be protected through legal remedies

Ans. (d) It links liberalism to social justice

Explanation: The liberalism of the Indian Constitution differs from classical western liberalism in that it is linked to social justice. It recognises the importance of social justice and provides for special measures, such as reservations, to protect the interests of marginalised groups.

Ans. (d) To ensure a public officer performs their legal duty.

Explanation: The purpose of the writ of mandamus is to ensure that a public officer or a government authority performs their legal duty or fulfills their obligations. It is issued by a higher court (usually the High Court or Supreme Court) to compel a lower court or a public officer to take a specific action or carry out a duty that they are legally obligated to perform.

Ans. (c) Because it provides a mechanism to restore violated Fundamental Rights

Explanation: Dr. Ambedkar considered the right to Constitutional Remedies as the ‘heart and soul of the Constitution’ because it provides citizens with a mechanism to restore their violated Fundamental Rights. It allows individuals to approach the courts if their Fundamental Rights are infringed upon and seek remedies or orders to enforce these rights.

Ans. (b) Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

Explanation: Both the Assertion and the Reason are correct because the Assertion states a fact that many girl students in poor households are indeed pulled out of school to take care of younger siblings while their parents work. The Reason is also correct in suggesting that the government should take steps to enable these children to go to school. However, the Reason is not a direct explanation of the Assertion. While the Reason acknowledges the government’s role in supporting these children’s education, it doesn’t directly explain why girl students are pulled out of school for sibling care. The relationship between the Assertion and the Reason is correct in terms of addressing the issue of girl students’ education, but the Reason doesn’t directly explain the stated phenomenon.

Ans. (b) Plato

Explanation: Plato, an ancient Greek philosopher, wrote extensively about the life and ideas of Socrates. In his famous work ‘The Republic,’ Plato used the character of Socrates to explore various philosophical concepts, including the question of justice. The dialogues presented in ‘The Republic’ feature Socrates engaging in discussions with other characters to examine the nature of justice, the ideal state, and the principles of governance. Therefore, the correct option is (b) Plato.

Ans. (a) 42^nd

Explanation: The 42nd Amendment to the Constitution of India, also known as the ‘Mini Constitution,’ was considered a wide-ranging amendment that made significant changes to various parts of the Constitution. It was enacted in 1976 during the period of emergency and aimed to consolidate and expand the powers of the Central Government. The 42nd Amendment was seen as an attempt to override the Supreme Court’s ruling in the Kesavananda Bharati case, which had established the basic structure doctrine and limited the Parliament’s power to amend the Constitution. The 42nd Amendment sought to curtail some Fundamental Rights and strengthen the Central Government’s authority.

Ans. (c) A-ii B-iii C-i D-iv

Ans. (a) Both (A) and (R) are correct, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Explanation: The assertion states that nations desire the right to self-governance and self-determination, which is true. The reason correctly explains why nations seek self-determination – it’s about having control over their political and cultural destinies. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are and related.

Ans. (c) By participating in negotiations and collective actions

Explanation: Political engagement involves partici- pating in collective activities, negotiating with others to express interests, and taking part in actions that influence decisions and policies. This answer reflects active involvement in the political process.

Ans. Yes, liberty and authority can coexist harmoniously. Liberty ensures individual rights, while authority maintains order. A well-balanced society respects personal freedoms while establishing rules for collective welfare. Effective governance combines these principles by enacting just laws, promoting civic participation, and ensuring accountability. This synergy fosters a functional society where individual liberties are upheld while preventing chaos and ensuring the common good.

Ans. Common citizens can engage in government functioning through various means, such as voting in elections, participating in local governance bodies, attending public consultations, voicing concerns through petitions, utilising Right to Information (RTI) mechanisms, joining civil society organisations, and engaging in peaceful protests. These avenues empower citizens to influence policies, hold officials accountable, and contribute to the democratic process.

Ans. The assertion that the Constitution of India is partial towards the Central Government is a matter of perspective. While some argue that it centralizes power, others contend that it strikes a balance between central and state authority. The Constitution provides states with certain powers and autonomy through a federal structure. However, issues like President’s Rule can be seen as centralised control.

Ans. Some limitations of the First Past the Post (FPTP) system include disproportionate seat allocation, wasted votes for losing candidates, limited choice for voters, potential for gerrymandering, and the winner- takes-all approach. This system may not reflect the overall popular vote accurately, discouraging smaller parties, leading to unstable coalitions, and excluding minority groups from effective representation.

Ans. Quo warranto is a legal term that refers to a writ or legal action used to challenge the authority or legitimacy of a person holding a public office or position. It essentially questions the right or authority of an individual to hold a specific position or office, demanding them to prove their legal entitlement. Quo warranto aims to ensure that public offices are held by individuals who are qualified and have the legal right to do so, preventing unauthorised or wrongful occupancy of positions of power.

Ans. No, the United Nations cannot be called a State. The United Nations is an international organization composed of member states, each retaining its sovereignty, territory, and government. The UN’s purpose is to promote international cooperation, peace, and security among sovereign nations rather than function as a single sovereign entity like a state.

Ans. Universal Adult Franchise, while a cornerstone of democracy, has inherent

(i) Lack of Informed Voting: Voters might lack political awareness and make ill-informed choices.

(ii) Populist Manipulation: Charismatic leaders can sway voters with emotional appeals rather than policy substance.

(iii) Illiteracy Impact: Illiterate voters can be influenced by symbols or manipulated information.

(iv) Dynastic Politics: Political families can dominate, limiting new entrants.

(v) Criminal Influence: Candidates with criminal backgrounds may enter politics.

(vi) Minority Underrepresentation: Minority groups might have inadequate representation.

(vii) Regional Imbalance: Smaller regions may be overshadowed by larger ones.

(viii) Voter Apathy: Some might not engage, weakening democratic participation.

(ix) Short-Term Focus: Economic disparities can drive decisions based on immediate benefits.

Balancing these concerns ensures effective representation while addressing the limitations of the universal adult franchise system.

Ans. Rights and claims are distinct concepts in terms of their nature and implications. Rights are legitimate entitlements, often rooted in legal or moral frameworks, backed by a disinterested desire for fairness and justice. Conversely, claims are individual demands seeking specific benefits, sometimes backed by personal agency or coercion. Rights transcend personal interests, aiming to contribute to the societal common good. In contrast, claims typically focus on individual welfare and personal needs. While rights are universally recognised and upheld, claims’ acceptance varies based on their nature and context. Ultimately, rights encompass broader principles of justice, whereas claims represent individual appeals for realising those rights. This distinction underscores the complex interplay between individual entitlements and broader social considerations.

Ans. The binding nature of the Council of Ministers’ advice on the President is rooted in the principles of parliamentary democracy. The President, as the ceremonial head of state, acts as per the advice of the elected representatives who form the government. This system prevents any individual, including the President, from making unilateral decisions and ensures that governance is in line with the will of the elected legislature. It upholds the democratic principle of accountability and prevents the concentration of power in a single authority. This arrangement also fosters a harmonious relationship between the executive and the legislature, promoting effective governance. Ultimately, the President’s adherence to the Council of Ministers’ advice is a fundamental aspect of the checks and balances that define a healthy democratic framework.

Ans. The Indian Constitution was crafted based on a fusion of philosophies including liberalism, democracy, socialism, secularism, justice, equality, and fraternity. It incorporates Western democratic ideals, ensuring individual rights, free expression, and representation. The democratic framework upholds free and fair elections, while socialism seeks economic equality through welfare measures. The Constitution’s secular nature mandates religious neutrality by the state. Emphasising justice, equality, and fraternity, it prevents discrimination and aims at unity among citizens. Additionally, influences from Mahatma Gandhi’s principles of non-violence, decentralization, and village empowerment are present. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s vision for social justice and marginalised empowerment also significantly impacted the Constitution’s formation. This amalgamation of philosophies strives to create a just, inclusive, and progressive society in India.

Ans. Fundamental Right: Right to Equality (Article 14)

Situation: Violation

Explanation: In this case, overweight male cabin crew being allowed promotions while their female colleagues facing penalties for the same issue indicates a violation of the Right to Equality. Discrimination based on gender in the workplace goes against the principle of equal treatment under the law.

Ans. Fundamental Right: Right to Freedom of Expression (Article 19)

Situation: Exercise

Explanation: The director making a documentary film that criticises government policies is exercising the Right to Freedom of Expression. This Fundamental Right allows individuals to express their opinions and ideas freely through various mediums, including film.

Ans. Fundamental Right: Right to Freedom of Assembly (Article 19)

Situation: Exercise

Explanation: People displaced by a dam conducting a rally to demand rehabilitation are exercising their Right to Freedom of Assembly. This Fundamental Right grants citizens the freedom to peacefully assemble and protest for their rights and causes.

Ans. Fundamental Right: Right to Minority Educational Institutions (Article 30)

Situation: Exercise

Explanation: The Andhra society running Telugu medium schools outside Andhra Pradesh is an exercise of the Right to Minority Educational Institutions. Article 30 of the Constitution grants religious and linguistic minorities the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice to preserve their culture, language, and religion.

Ans. The dissatisfaction among several Indian states regarding the role of Governors stems from concerns of political interference, partisan behaviour, and erosion of state autonomy. Governors, appointed by the Central Government, have been accused of favouring the ruling party’s interests at the national level, undermining the democratic mandates of State Governments. The discretionary powers wielded by Governors have been used to make decisions without State Government consent, leading to tensions. Instances of recommending President’s Rule, resulting in the dismissal of elected State Governments, have further fueled distrust. The appointment process is criticised for lacking transparency and neutrality. Overall, the perceived imbalance of power between State Governments and Governors challenges the principles of cooperative federalism and undermines the authority of States.

Ans. Independence of the judiciary doesn’t imply an absence of accountability. Rather, it signifies that the judiciary operates without undue pressure from the executive or legislative arms. However, this doesn’t exempt the judiciary from responsibility. Accountability ensures that the judiciary upholds the Constitution, laws, and ethical norms, preventing abuse of power. Judicial accountability restrains arbitrary decisions and prevents the judiciary from becoming a self-contained entity. This equilibrium between independence and accountability guarantees that judicial actions are fair, transparent, and within the bounds of legal principles. It promotes public trust and upholds the rule of law while deterring any potential deviations. Thus, the independence of the judiciary is a safeguard that is reinforced by the parallel concept of accountability, ensuring a just and balanced legal system.

Ans. (c) 29

Explanation: The passage states that through Constitutional amendments, local governments in India were assigned as many as 29 subjects for functions related to local welfare and development needs.

Ans. (c) Local welfare and development needs

Explanation: The passage clearly mentions that the subjects assigned to local governments through Constitutional amendments are all related to functions linked to local welfare and development needs, highlighting their primary focus.

Ans. (c) Their formation has not changed decision-making patterns at higher levels

Explanation: The passage points out that some people criticise the formation of local bodies because, despite their establishment, the way decisions are made at Central and State levels remains unchanged. This critique reflects the concern that the creation of local bodies has not altered decision-making patterns at higher governance levels.

Ans. (c) limited

Explanation: The passage discusses that the experience with the functioning of local governments in India has revealed that they have limited autonomy to perform the functions they have been assigned.

Ans. The passage discusses the inherent imperfections and limitations of any election system. It acknowledges that no election process can ever be entirely perfect and flawless. It highlights the need for democratic societies to continually strive for mechanisms that maximize the freedom and fairness of elections. The passage also points out that despite efforts, flaws and limitations are bound to exist in the actual election process.

Ans. In India, several significant steps have been taken to ensure the conduct of free and fair elections. The acceptance of adult suffrage, which grants every eligible citizen the right to vote, is a crucial aspect. Additionally, the freedom to contest elections ensures that individuals have the opportunity to participate in the democratic process. One of the most vital measures is the establishment of an independent Election Commission, which plays a pivotal role in organising and supervising elections to ensure impartiality and fairness.

Ans. The major focus of electoral reforms in India pertains to changing or amending constitutional provisions that govern the electoral process. Various stakeholders, such as the Election Commission, political parties, independent groups, and scholars, have put forth proposals for reforming the election system. These reforms aim to address various issues and challenges, such as reducing the influence of money and criminal elements in politics, enhancing transparency, and ensuring a level playing field for all candidates. The objective is to strengthen the democratic fabric of the country and maintain the integrity of the electoral process.

Ans.

Ans. The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 inserted the Fundamental Duties into the Indian Constitution.

The Fundamental Duties outlined in Article 51A include:

(i) To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions.

(ii) To cherish and follow the noble ideals that inspired the national struggle for freedom.

(iii) To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India.

(iv) To defend the country and render national service when called upon.

(v) To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood among all citizens, transcending religious, linguistic, and regional diversities.

(vi) To value and preserve the rich heritage of the country’s composite culture.

(vii) To protect and improve the natural environment, including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife.

(viii) To develop scientific temper, humanism, and the spirit of inquiry and reform.

(ix) To safeguard public property and avoid violence.

(x) To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity to improve the nation’s stature.

(xi) To provide opportunities for education between the age of 6-14 years by parents / guardians (Added by 86th Amendment).

Ans. In ‘On Liberty, John Stuart Mill advocated for freedom of expression by presenting several key arguments. He believed that open dialogue and the free exchange of ideas were essential for the discovery of truth. Mill argued that even if an opinion is false, engaging with it allows for a deeper understanding of the prevailing truth. Suppressing dissenting views would lead to a stagnant society that clings to received wisdom without critical examination. Mill also emphasised the concept of individual self-development. He contended that the diversity of viewpoints enables individuals to refine their beliefs and better understand their own perspectives. Furthermore, Mill warned against the tyranny of the majority, where the dominant group could silence minority opinions, stifling progress and innovation. He saw free expression as a safeguard against this danger. Ultimately, Mill’s arguments underscored the intrinsic value of free expression in promoting intellectual growth, challenging conventional wisdom, and preserving a vibrant democratic society. He believed that protecting the right to express and hear differing opinions was not just a matter of personal liberty but a cornerstone of a healthy and progressive societal structure.

Ans. The Constitution of India contains several provisions that firmly establish the secular nature of the Indian State and ensure equal treatment for all citizens, regardless of their religion:

(i) Preamble: The Preamble of the Constitution declares India to be a secular state, reflecting the commitment to treating all religions equally.

(ii) Article 14: Ensures equality before the law for all individuals, irrespective of their religion.

(iii) Article 15: Prohibits discrimination on the grounds of religion in public places and prevents any restrictions based on religion in granting access to shops, public restaurants, hotels, and places of public entertainment.

(iv) Article 16: Ensures that there shall be no religious discrimination in matters of public employment and admission to educational institutions.

(v) Article 17: Declares untouchability to be a punishable offense, eradicating a discriminatory practice rooted in religion.

(vi) Article 25: Guarantees the freedom to practice any religion and manage religious affairs.

(vii) Article 26: Allows religious groups to establish and maintain educational institutions and manage their own affairs related to religion.

(viii) Article 27: Prohibits the levying of taxes to promote or maintain a particular religion, ensuring religious neutrality.

(ix) Article 28: Ensures that religious instruction cannot be provided in any educational institution wholly maintained by the state funds.

These provisions collectively uphold the principles of secularism, equality, and religious freedom in India, emphasising the state’s commitment to treating all citizens fairly, regardless of their religious affiliations.

Ans. The basic minimum requirements for a healthy and productive life encompass various essentials such as food, clean water, shelter, healthcare, education, employment, and social security. These necessities are crucial for individual well-being and overall societal progress. It is the government’s responsibility to ensure that these basic requirements are accessible to all citizens, irrespective of their background, at an affordable cost. While proponents of the free market ideology advocate for private agencies to provide goods and services, governments play a pivotal role in preventing inequalities. They intervene in the market to ensure that essential goods and services do not become out of reach for marginalised sections of society. This is especially important as the free market often tends to benefit the more powerful segments. Governments formulate policies, provide public services, and develop infrastructure to ensure that every citizen can access these necessities. They also implement social welfare programs, create employment opportunities, and regulate various sectors to prevent exploitation and maintain fairness. In essence, the government’s role in securing basic minimum requirements is fundamental for building an equitable and just society. While free market principles can lead to disparities, government intervention is vital to guarantee every individual’s access to fundamental needs such as housing, clean water, education, and fair wages. This approach contributes to creating a healthier, more prosperous, and inclusive nation.

Disregard for their rights can result in unfair treatment and harassment by local authorities and residents.

Ans. The Prime Minister of India occupies a position of immense significance within the country’s governance framework, holding a wide spectrum of powers and performing a plethora of functions that are integral to the functioning of the government machinery. At the core of the Prime Minister’s powers lies the formation of the government. The President invites the individual with majority support in the Lok Sabha to form the Central Government, and the Prime Minister subsequently nominates members of the Council of Ministers. This includes the formation of the Cabinet, a core group of ministers responsible for crucial functions and ministries, as well as the allocation of work and coordination through the Cabinet Secretariat. In the legislative sphere, the Prime Minister assumes the role of the leader of the house in the Lok Sabha. This entails representing the executive, announcing significant legislation, and addressing concerns raised by the opposition. Additionally, the Prime Minister schedules and participates in parliamentary sessions, answering questions from Members of Parliament and engaging in vital debates. Beyond the national arena, the Prime Minister is India’s chief representative in international forums and diplomatic negotiations. They foster relations with other nations, projecting India’s interests and promoting cooperation. Moreover, during times of crisis, the Prime Minister takes charge, coordinating responses, allocating resources, and safeguarding national security.

Ans. Struggle for LGBTQ+ Rights: In recent years, India has witnessed a significant struggle for the full enjoyment of citizen rights by the LGBTQ+ community. The LGBTQ+ rights movement in India aimed to decriminalise homosexuality and secure equal rights and dignity for individuals regardless of their sexual orientation or gender identity. The struggle culminated in a landmark legal victory in 2018 when the Supreme Court of India, in the case of Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India, struck down Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, which criminalized consensual same-sex relationships. This decision recognised the right of LGBTQ+ individuals to love and live without discrimination, thereby granting them the right to personal autonomy and privacy.

Ans. Environmental Rights and Conservation Movements: Another significant movement is the struggle against large-scale industrial projects that pose threats to local ecosystems and indigenous communities. For instance, the movement against the proposed Narmada dam project in the Narmada Valley highlighted the displacement of local communities and the environmental impact of such projects. Activists and affected communities advocated for their rights to land, livelihood, and a sustainable environment.

(i) While this argument appeals to emotional and moral sentiments, it does not directly address the principle of equality. Equality is based on the idea that all citizens, regardless of their roles or relationships, should have equal rights and opportunities.

(ii) This argument is consistent with the idea of equality because it recognises that women, like men, are citizens who are affected by the decisions of the government. In a democratic society, equal participation in choosing the rulers ensures that both men and women have a voice in shaping policies that impact their lives.

(iii) This argument is focused on potential social consequences and family dynamics rather than the principle of equality. While it may be a valid point, it doesn’t directly address the idea that women should have the right to vote based on their equal citizenship status.

(iv) This argument is also consistent with the idea of equality. It emphasises that women are equal members of society, comprising half of humanity. Denying them the right to vote would perpetuate their subjugation and inequality. Granting them the right to vote is essential for upholding their equal rights as citizens.

Ans. Nationalism, as a powerful force, has demonstrated its ability to both unite and divide societies.

Positive Unification and Liberation: India’s Struggle for Independence The Indian National Movement under Mahatma Gandhi’s leadership united people from diverse linguistic, cultural, and religious backgrounds against British colonial rule. Indians rallied around the idea of a united nation, transcending their differences to achieve a common goal.

Negative Division and Conflict: Partition of India – On the flip side, the same Indian National Movement that initially united people eventually led to the division of the Indian subcontinent into India and Pakistan in 1947. Religious and communal differences fueled conflicts and violence, resulting in one of the largest forced migrations in history and tragic loss of lives.Nationalism is a complex phenomenon, and its driving factors can vary significantly from one region to another. While descent, language, religion, and ethnicity may contribute to forming a sense of national identity, they cannot claim to be universal common factors in all forms of nationalism. In some cases, nationalism might be rooted in a shared ancestry or ethnicity, but this is not always the case. Modern nations like the United States or Brazil are formed by people from diverse ethnic backgrounds coming together under common ideals and values. Language can play a significant role in forming a sense of identity, as seen in the case of linguistic nationalism in India, where different linguistic groups fought for recognition and autonomy. However, linguistic homogeneity isn’t a prerequisite for nationalism, as multilingual nations like Switzerland and Belgium also exist. Religion can be a uniting or dividing factor in nationalism. While some nations identify themselves based on a particular religion, others prioritise secularism and a diverse range of faiths.