Class XI – History Paper – 3

Ans. (D) 5000 BCE

Explanation: The earliest temples of the Southern Mesopotamia are traced to be built around 5000 BCE.

Ans. (C) Latin

Explanation: The term “Cuneiform” has been derived from the Latin language.

Ans. (A) Akkadian language

Explanation: After the 2000 BCE the Sumerian language was replaced by the Akkadian language.

Ans. (D) Both A and B are correct

Explanation: Chenghiz Khan was a Mongolian tribal leader who became the greatest conqueror in the world.

Ans. (A) Temujin

Explanation: Chenghiz Khan was popularly known by the name of Temujin.

Ans. (A) Augustus

Explanation: The first prominent ruler of the Empire was the King Augustus.

Ans. (A) ii, i, iv, iii, vi, v,vii

Ans. (B) William Tyndale

Explanation: William Tyndale popularised the Protestantism movement in England and he also translated the Bible in English.

Ans. (D) Both A and B are correct

Explanation: Padua and Bologona were the centres of the legal studies in the Europe.

Ans. (A) Earth stood at the center of the universe around which other celestial planets are moving.

Explanation: The central idea of the theory given by Nicolas Copernicus was “Earth stood at the center of the universe around which other celestial planets are moving.”

Ans. (D) Both A and C are correct

Explanation: Feudalism refers to agricultural production based on relationship between lord and the peasants. Under this system the lands were granted to the feudal lords who provided some services to the King.

Ans. (A) Serfs

Explanation: The Serfs were under the control of their masters and cannot do anything without the approval of their masters.

Q. 13. Arrange in sequential manner :

(i) peasantry

(ii) clergy

(iii) nobility

(A) i, ii, iii

(B) iii, ii, i

(C) ii, iii, i

(D) ii, i, iii

Ans. (C) ii, iii, i

Explanation: The medieval European society was divided into three estates: Clergy, Nobility and Peasants.

Ans. (D) All of the above

Explanation: The colonisation in America reached its peak during the 17th and 18th century. Vast majority of the native people died due to exposure to deadly germs, loss of lands and in armed battles.

Ans. (B) 350-750

Explanation: In Australia there were around 350 to 750 native communities with their own language during the 18th century.

Ans. (C) The democratic spirit

Explanation: The spirit of the USA is derived by the democratic spirit where people can voice their opinion.

Ans. (B) 1941

Explanation: The Japanese led an attack to the Pearl Harbor in December 1941 after which USA declared war against the Japan.

Ans. (A) 1945

Explanation: The USA dropped two bombs on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki after which the Japanese surrendered which led to the end of the World War II.

Ans. (A) 1889

Explanation: The enaction of the Meiji Constitution took place in the year 1889.

Ans. (D) Both A and R is true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Explanation: Japan modernised their education system so that they can’t be colonised by the western nations who have established their control all over the world.

Ans. (A) White men

Explanation: After the establishment of democracy in America initially the right to vote and right to property were granted to the white men only.

Ans. Mesopotamian society was basically a nuclear family. It was the social norm that the married son often stays with their parents. The eldest male member was the head of the family, basically the father was the head of the family. Excavators have very little knowledge about the marriage rites and rituals in the Mesopotamian civilisations. If there is willingness of the bride to be married then the family arranges the same. Exchange of gifts among the bride and the groom was very common. When the wedding took place, gifts were exchanged by both parties, who ate together and made offerings in a temple. When her mother-in-law came to fetch her, the bride was given her share of the inheritance by her father. The father’s house, herds, fields, etc., were inherited by the sons.

Ans. The Aztecs gave a lot of importance to education. There were two types of schools for the children:

(i) The calmecac for the children of the nobility who were trained to become military and religious leaders.

(ii) Tepochcalli or the neighbourhood schools for the general public. They learned history, myths, religion and ceremonial songs. The boys were trained in agriculture and military skills while the girls were trained in domestic skills.

Ans. During the early encounters, the natives were friendly and welcoming. The Europeans had come to trade in fish and furs they procured from natives who were expert hunters. Along the Mississippi river, the French found that the natives held regular meetings to exchange unique handicrafts or food items. The Europeans gave natives blankets, iron vessels, guns and alcohol.

Ans. In the emperor system, the officials were sent to study European monarchies on which they planned to model their own. Edicts were issued in the name of the monarch to set up modern educational institutions. The emperor was treated with reverence as he was considered as the direct descendant of the Sun Goddess. His birthday became a national holiday. He was shown as the leader of the modernisation and westernisation. He wore western style military uniforms. A new school system was built and by 1910 schooling was almost universal. “Moral culture” was taught and children were urged to revere their parents, faithful to the nation and become good citizens. Nationalism was sustained by representing the emperor as the family patriarch and people were urged ‘to die for the emperor who was prayed to live forever.

Ans. The Great Leap Forward movement was launched in 1958 in China by Mao Zedong, which was based and designed to meet the Chinese situation. It was a policy to galvanize rapid developments in both industry and agriculture and increase output and to adapt to the Chinese conditions. There was a complete change on the emphasis in industrial policy, instead of large scale facilities, smaller factories were established. Large communes were established that were divided into brigades and work teams with elected council.

Ans. Economic Features: The other defining feature was the transition from the slave mode of production to the feudal mode of production. The agrarian economy was dominated by the big landed estates or manors of the feudal lords. A manor was the area over which the lord had rights. It was divided into two parts, one directly under the lord and the other comprised of the peasant holdings. The part directly under the lord was cultivated by the serfs who received no wages and all the produce went to the lord. The other part was cultivated by the peasants, who were considered as tenants and therefore, had to pay rent in the form of labour service.

Ans. The Humanist thought implied that religious teachings alone could not provide answers to a holistic life. This culture was labelled as Humanism by the historians in the 19th century. By the early 15th century, the term ‘humanist’ was used for masters who taught grammar, poetry, history, moral philosophy and rhetoric. These subjects were not drawn from or connected with religion, and emphasised skills developed by individuals through discussion and debate.

Ans. The term ‘Renaissance’ means rebirth. It signalled a movement as a result of which the western nations came out of the darkness of the Middle Ages and embarked on a new era of influenced by the ideas and styles of modern age. It encouraged free thinking and set new standards. Its main characteristics were:

(i) City-states of Italy became the first center of Renaissance.

(ii) There was development of new style of art and architecture and literature.

(iii) There was emergence of several new towns like Genoa. Free thought and Humanism developed.

Ans. The main features of the early Roman empire were:

(i) The emperor, the aristocracy and the army were the three main players of the empire.

(ii) The emperor was called the ‘Principe’ but in practice he was an absolute ruler. The senate represented the aristocracy i.e. the wealthiest families who were mainly landowners. The Romans had a professional and paid army. The soldiers had to put in a minimum 25 years of service. The army was the single largest organised body in the empire. By the fourth century there were almost 600,000 soldiers.

(iii) There was a gradual extension of the Roman direct rule. Dependent kingdoms were absorbed into Roman provincial territory. All the territories of the empire were organised into provinces and subject to taxation.

(iv) The emperor controlled the vast empire through the cities and the local upper classes that collaborated with the Roman state in administering their own territories and raising taxes from them. Most of the governing class people came from the provincial upper classes.

(v) Nuclear family system was prevalent, women enjoyed considerable legal rights in owning and managing property.

(vi) Casual literacy varied greatly between different parts of the empire. The Roman Empire was a cultural mosaic that had a variety of religious cults, languages, dress styles, food habits and social organisation.

(vii) The empire had a good infrastructure of harbors, mines, brickyards, olive oil factories. They had a flourishing trade with Spain, North Africa and Egypt. They were also technologically advanced and used diversified applications of water power as well as used advanced mining technology.

Ans. There is no doubt that the ruling elites were more rich or wealthier and powerful than ever before. This was due to the following reasons:

(i) Urban prosperity was marked by new forms of architecture and an exaggerated sense of luxury. The ruling elites were wealthier and more powerful than ever before. In Egypt, hundreds of Papyri that survived show us that the society was relatively affluent where money was in extensive use and rural estates generated vast incomes in gold. For example, Egypt contributed taxes of over 2.5 million solidi a year in the reign of Justinian in the sixth century.

(ii) The general prosperity was especially marked in the eastern region where the population was still expanding till the sixth century, despite the outbreak of bubonic plague which affected the Mediterranean in the 540s. In the west, by contrast, the empire was fragmented politically as Germanic groups from the North (Goths, Vandals, Lombard’s etc.) took over all the major provinces and established kingdoms that have been described as post-Roman. In the east, where the empire remained united, the reign of Justinian is the high water mark of prosperity and imperial ambition.

Ans. Genghis Khan was born as Temujin in 1167 AD in the northern part of modern Mongolia. His father Yesugei was the chief of the Kiyat tribe who was murdered at an early age. Therefore, the liability of bringing up the children fell on his mother Oeluneke. The decade of 1170s was a period of hardships and difficulties for Temujin. But his valour and bravery saw him through. Soon he became the most dominating personality in the political sphere of the Steppes. He was declared the ‘Great Khan’ of the Mongols and conferred the title of Genghis Khan at an assembly of the Mongol chieftains in 1206 CE.

Ans. Ghengis Khan was the greatest leader of the tribe in Mongolia who was born around 1162CE to the Kiyat tribe. One of the major achievements of Ghengis Khan is the consolidation of the Mongolian tribes. He organised the Mongolian people into effective and disciplinary force.

He conquered China in 1209 CE. The Great Wall of China was breached in the year 1213 and he sacked Peking in 1215.

He further defeated Qara Khita in 1218 and expanded his Mongolian territory to tranxonia, Khwarazm, Bukhara, Samarkand, Gurgunj Nishapur Herat in 1219 to 1221 CE.

It is evident that wherever Ghengis khan stepped its foot, the land suffered a massive set back and destruction.

Genghis Khan not only conquered north China and built a vast empire but also contributed a lot to the improvement of civil administration in the empire. Genghis Khan spent most of his life in military combat. His military achievements were astounding and were largely a result of his ability to innovate and transform different aspects of Steppe combat into extremely effective military strategies. The horse riding skills of the Mongols and the Turks provided speed and mobility to the army, their abilities as rapid shooting archers from horseback were further perfected during regular hunting expeditions. The Steppe cavalry always travelled lightly and moved quickly. It brought with it, the knowledge of the terrain and weather, and therefore carried out campaigns in the middle of winters, treating frozen rivers as highways. Genghis Khan also learnt the importance of siege engines and Naphtha bombardment very quickly. His engineers prepared light portable equipment which was used against opponents with devastating effect.

Ans. After the news of China’s defeat, fear gripped Japan that it too might be made into a colony. To escape the similar fate as China and India, the government launched a policy with a slogan, “Fokoku Kyohei” (rich country, strong army). They realized that they needed to develop their economy and build a strong army. To this they needed to create a sense of nationhood among the people, and to transform subjects into citizens. To achieve these ideals the government took the following measures:

(i) It built the ’emperor system’.

(ii) New system of education was introduced based on the European model with special emphasis on ‘moral culture’ and an attitude of extreme nationalism and chauvinism. By 1910, schooling was almost universal.

(iii) To integrate the nation, a new administrative structure altering the old village boundaries was imposed.

(iv) A modern military force was developed. Conscription was introduced for all young men over 20 years.

(v) Civil liberties and open political struggles were curbed and a legal system was set up to regulate formation of political groups, control holding of meetings and imposed strict censorship.

(vi) The Diet and the military were put under the direct command of the emperor. The state was controlled by an oligarchy and the military and the police were given wide powers.

(vii) The economy was modernised in less than four decades. State capitalism was undertaken with the help of Daimyos and big merchant houses. State industries were sold to ‘Zaibatsu’. Companies like Mitsubishi and Sumitomo were helped by subsidies and tax benefits.

(viii) Initially the stress was on strategic industries but was soon followed by other industries like textiles and cement.

Ans. The salient features of Bedouin life during the early seventh century were as follows:

(i) The Bedouins lived a nomadic life, they did not settle at one place but moved around in search of pastures.

(ii) They domesticated animals like camels, donkeys, dogs, cats, sheep and goat.

(iii) They looked for oases. These were springs of water and cluster of palm trees. Such places

offered them dates and water and pastures for their animals.

(iv) They did some farming near the oases and raised grains for their subsistence.

(v) They were constantly engaged in a struggle for survival, the climate and the hard life of the desert had turned them hardy and cruel.

Ans. Juwayni, a late 13th century Persian chronicler of the Moghul rulers of Iran, wrote an account of the conquest of Bukhara in 1220.

Ans. These words were spoken by a person who had escaped from Bukhara. He was referring to the Mongol conquest of Bukhara under Genghis Khan. These words imply that the Mongols were cruel and meted harsh punishment to the conquered and robbed all that was precious and dear.

Ans. Contribution of Genghis Khan:

(i) He controlled, disciplined and united his nomadic hordes.

(ii) Made the Mongols into a fighting machine with a destructive power that ensured their success forming the largest empire.

Ans. Abbes Hildegard was a clergy.

Ans. Yes, he was in favour of the Three Orders.

Ans. In support of the division of Three Orders, Hildegard gives the following examples:

(i) How a herder never herds his entire cattle in one stable but differentiates between cows, donkeys, sheep and goats.

(ii) Though God is the creator of all, yet he does not make all equal. There are distinctions among his creations.

(iii) God loves all human beings but he does not treat all equally on earth or in heaven.

Ans. William Tyndale (1494-1536) was an English Lutheran who translated the Bible into English in 1506, and who defended Protestantism.

Ans. By translating the Bible into English, he sought to make the Bible available to the layman. He also wanted to expose the false practices indulged in by the church in the name of the sacred text.

Ans. The issues criticized were: immoral and luxurious life of the churchmen, sale of “letters of Indulgence”, their practice of selling offices, Pope’s authority to raise taxes and fees and divergence from the religious texts and emphasis on rituals.

Ans.