Subject: Geography
Class XII
Time Allowed: 3 hours
Maximum Marks: 70
General Instructions:
1. This question paper is divided into three sections Section A, B and C
2. There are total 29 questions in this question paper. All questions are compulsory.
3. Section A consists of question numbers 1 to 15, each question is of 1 mark. There are only 14 questions to be attempted from this section.
4. Section B contains question numbers 16 and 17 short answer type questions. These are source and graph based questions. Each question is of 3 marks. The questions are short and multiple choice. Each question is to be answered by any three questions out of 4 sub-questions.
5. Section C contains short answer type questions up to 18-22. Each question is of 3 marks. Answer each question in maximum 80-100 words
6. Section D contains 5 long answer type questions from question numbers 23-27. Each question is of 5 marks. Answer each question in maximum 150 words.
7. Question number 29 is related to map
Section A
1. Environment is a major issue for Geography
a) Scientific study of settlements
b) Pollution, land degradation and protection of environment
c) Geographical features of animals and their habitats
d) Population Explosion Answer
2. Which of the following is not an inner planet?
a) Jupiter
b) Mercury
c) Venus
d) Earth
3. What are the fast-moving waves that reach the earth first?
a) alpha waves
b) s-waves
c) P waves
d) Beta waves
4. Formation of Tillite is caused by
a) deposits on the hills
b) deposits of volcanoes
c) glacial deposit
d) gold deposit
5. What are the geomorphological causes of erosion?
a) running water
b) ground water
c) air
d) all of the above
6. In __________ wind picks up small particles and dust of rocks from the ground?
Ans. Drainage
7. The layer of the atmosphere in which particulate matter and water vapour are present is called
a) Stratosphere
b) Troposphere
c) Ionosphere
d) Mesosphere
8. Situated in the western part of India, ________ is a saline swamp.
Ans. Runn of Kutch
9. Between Nilgiri and Annamalai hills _______ >> Pass is located
Ans. Pawghat
10. ________ river is also known as Ponnani
Ans. Bharatpuzha
11. Which element is studied under physical geography?
a) weather
b) soil
c) atmosphere
d) all of the above
12. From which elements are the terrestrial planets formed?
a) rock and metal
b) hydrogen and helium
c) liquid element
d) all of the above
13. What is the approximate depth of the mantle?
a) 2400 km
b) 2900 km
c) 3200 km
d) 3500 km
14. What was the name given to a large continent surrounded by water by Alfred Wegener?
a) Pangea
b) Panthalassa
c) Angaraland
d) Godvanaland
15. Tropic of Cancer does not pass through which of the following states?
a) Rajasthan
b) Orissa
c) Chhattisgarh
d) Tripura
Section – B
16. Read the below passage and answer the following questions that follow:
This mountain region extends from the Bhutan Himalayas to the Diphu Pass in the east. The general direction of this mountain range is from southeast to northeast. The main peaks of this region include Kogatu and Namcha Barwa. These mountain ranges are bisected from north to south by fast flowing rivers forming deep gorges. The Brahmaputra river forms a deep gorge after crossing Namcha Barua, the major rivers being Kameng, Subansari Dihang, Dibag and Lohit. These are perennial rivers and form many waterwalls. Therefore, there is a lot of potential for hydro power generation here. One of the main features of Arunachal Himalayas is that many tribes reside here. Some of the tribes settled in this region from west to east are Hamonpa, Abor, Mishmi, Nishi and Naga. Most of these tribes practice shifting cultivation, also known as shifting agriculture or slash and burn agriculture. The area is rich in biodiversity, which is protected by indigenous communities. Due to the rugged topography, the transport connectivity between the various valleys here is almost negligible. Therefore, business can be done here only through the Duar area located on the Arunachal-Assam border.
i) The subdivision of which of the following Himalayan mountains has been described in the above paragraph?
a) Himachal and Uttaranchal Himalayas
b) Kashya Himalayas
c) Arunachal Himalaya
d) Darjeeling Himalaya
2. This subdivision of the Himalaya Mountains is rich in which of the following?
a) Tribal Group
b) Biodiversity
c) in business
d) in perennial rivers
3. Mishmi and Nishi tribes do ________ for their livelihood.
Ans. Jhum Farming/Shifting Agriculture
4. Which of the following passes is associated with this subdivision of the Himalayas.
a) Diff pass
b) Zojila
c) Baralacha Pass
d) All of the above
17. Based on the analysis of the magnetic properties of rocks on both sides of the mid-oceanic ridge, Hess presented a hypothesis in 1961, which is known as oceanic subsoil expansion. According to Hess’s logic, continuous volcanic eruptions at the top of the oceanic ridges spilt the oceanic crust and new lava is filling the crack and pushing the oceanic crust to both sides. Thus the ocean floor is expanding. Hess spoke of the deposition of oceanic crust due to the relatively recent occurrence of oceanic crust and at the same time not shrinking from one ocean to another. According to Hess, if new crust is formed from one ocean to another. According to Hess, if new crust is formed from volcanic crust, then on the other hand it is also destroyed in ocean trenches.
i) As the sea floor widens and separates from the mid-oceanic ridge, the process is related to
a) Magnetic reversal
b) Electric reversal
c) Thermal reversal
d) Stability
ii) The process by which magma is pushing new oceanic crust on both sides is called
a) sea reversal
b) sea level
c) sea level spreading
d) oceanic erosion
iii) The place where the sea level extends is called
a) eat
b) mid-ocean ridge
c) Ocean basin
d) craters
iv) When was a hypothesis presented by Hess based on the analysis of the magnetic properties of rocks on both sides of the mid-oceanic ridges?
Ans. 1961
Section – C
18. On what basis can it be said that geography is a scientific subject?
Ans. Geography is a scientific subject. Geography as a mature scientific subject deals with the following three sections:
- What? There are some questions that are related to the identification of patterns of natural and cultural features found on the ground floor, which answer the question “what”
- Where? There are also some questions that are related to the distribution of physical and cultural elements on the earth, they are related to the question of “where”
- Why? The third class of questions deals with the explanation or the casual relationship between the elements, which answers the “why”
19. What are the major stages of the formation of planets?
Ans. Three stages of the formation of planets have been considered by scientists:
- Planets are formed from stars. The core was initially formed as a result of the force of gravity, around which a swirling saucer of gas and dust particles developed.
- In the second stage, due to the condensation of the gaseous cloud, the matter around the core developed into small spherical bodies which were called planets.
- Later due to increasing gravity, these planets joined together to form large bodies. This is considered to be the third and final stage of planet formation.
OR
How are biological activities helpful in soil formation?
Ans. Insects like ants, termites, earthworms, rodents etc. have great importance in soil formation. They keep moving the soil up and down again and again. Earthworm chemicals are helpful in the formation of soil. Due to burrowing by these organisms, there is a change in the soil surface, dead plants and roots provide organic matter humus to the soil, in which bacteria start their work.
20. “The atmosphere is made up of many gases.” Justify the statement.
i) The proportion of gases in the upper layers of the atmosphere changes.
ii) The atmosphere contains essential gases such as oxygen for the life of humans and animals, and carbon dioxide for plants.
iii) Carbon dioxide absorbs part of the terrestrial radiation and is responsible for the greenhouse effect.
iv) Ozone gas is found between the altitude of 10 to 50 km above the surface of the earth and acts as a filter and absorbs the ultraviolet rays from the sun.
21. Why are the rivers of India polluted? Write any three reasons.
Ans.
- Industrial waste and waste from domestic activities are carried through dirty drains and brought into the rivers of India.
- Many cremation grounds are on the banks of the river and sometimes dead bodies or their remains are thrown into the rivers.
- On some festivals flowers and idols are immersed in rivers. The river is also polluted due to large scale bathing and washing of clothes etc.
22. Indian Ocean is actually the ocean of India i.e., Hindustan. Justify the statement?
Ans.
- India is also known as Hind i.e., Hindustan. This is the only ocean that has been named after a country as the Indian Ocean.
- India’s position on the Indian Ocean coast between West Asia and East is very important
- India’s coastline located at the northern end of this ocean is longer than the coastline of any other country.
OR
What are the benefits of India’s long coastline?
Ans. India’s long coastline has many benefits
- Provides favourable conditions for the development of ports and helps in employment generation.
- Provides useful waterways for trade.
- Trans-oceanic waterways connecting Africa, industrially developed Europe and prosperous West Asia to South-East Asian countries, China, Japan with developed industry, Australia and the west coast of United States pass through India.
Section – D
23. What are volcanoes and describe the types of volcanoes?
Ans. Volcanoes are a sudden event on Earth. Due to this there is a sudden explosion on the surface, through which lava, gas, smoke, ash, pebbles, stones etc. come out. All these things are drained through a natural tube called exhaust duct. Lava makes a hole for coming the surface, which is called a crater.
There are mainly three types of volcanoes
1) Active Volcano: In this type of volcano, eruptions often take place, their mouth is always open. The Etna volcano of Italy is an example.
2. Dormant Volcano: This type of volcano would not have erupted for a long time, but its possibility remains. Whenever such volcanoes become active suddenly, they cause immense loss of public money. Italy’s Vesuvius volcano is a prime example of this.
3. Extinct Volcano: Eruptions in this type of volcano usually stop and there no possibility of eruption in future also. The Posha volcano of Myanmar is a prime example of this.
24. What evidence can be given in favour of the displacement of the continents. Send report.
Ans. The following evidence can be given in favour of continental drift.
1. Similarity in Shape: If we look carefully at the shape of the continents, then we will find that there is a wonderful similarity in their opposite coast lines.
2. Similarity in age of rocks across oceans: Two continents that are currently distant from each other have similarity in age of rocks, for example, a strip of rock groups of 200 million years old, Brazil Coast (South America) and Western Found on the coast of Africa, this suggests that the two continents were together in ancient times.
3. Tillites: These are sedimentary rocks formed by glacial deposition. Patterns of such deposits are found in six different site blocks of the southern hemisphere, which are evidence of their association in ancient times.
4. Placer deposits: Veins containing gold are found in Brazil while placer deposits are found in Ghana, this proves that America and Africa were once one place.
5. Distribution of Fossils: On some continents, remains of such organisms are found which are not presently found at that place.
OR
Why should we study Geography?
Ans. The study of geography is very important for us because:
i) The study of geography helps us to understand the diversity found in human societies. Due to which the spirit of global peace and brotherhood prevails.
ii) Geography gives us the ability to understand the variations of the earth’s surface and to find out the factors causing such variations in terms of space and time.
iii) Geography develops the skill of knowing the real earth through maps and visual knowledge of the various elements on the surface.
iv) Modern scientific techniques in geography such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS), computer cartography, the study of remote sensing, have provided the ability to acquire knowledge and skills and contribute to national development.
v) Along with the increase in trade and commerce in the world, it has promoted administration, excursion and tourism.
25. What are the major factors contributing to soil formation? How do these factors help in soil formation?
Ans. Soil formation is affected by the following factors
1. Climate: Climate affects the weathering of parent rock. Excess rainfall increases the amount of humus in the soil. But due to heavy rains, the fertile elements of the soil are also damaged.
2. Basic Material: Just as the rocks are weathered, so also the soil, for example, the soil of South India is black due to the base rocks there.
3. Relief: The layer of soil is thin in hilly parts while the thickness of soil layer is more in plains.
4. Biological Activities: The presence of vegetative cover and micro-organisms makes the soil more fertile.
5. Time: The soil formed over a long period of time is richer and more fertile.
26. Explain five differences between the Peninsular Plateau and the Himalayan Mountains.
Ans. Peninsular Plateau
i) The peninsular plateau is an ancient landmass of hard rocks.
ii) It is constructed as a block
iii) It has been a land area from the Cambrian era to the present day. Only its coastal areas submerged in the sea for a short period.
iv) Residual mountains are mainly found in the Peninsular Plateau. The Aravalli Mountains are a prime example of this.
v) The river valleys here are shallow and have slow slope.
Himalaya Mountains:
i) The Himalayas are a new mountain formed from sedimentary rocks
ii) The Himalayas are a folded mountain formed by various geothermal movements.
iii) The Himalaya Mountains originated as a result of tectonic movements forming the mountains from the Tethys sediments.
iv) The Himalayas and its associated mountain ranges are weak and flexible. As a result, the processes of folding and deformation have taken place here.
v) The Himalayas are tectonic mountains: because of this, the rivers are in their youth and flow rapidly.
OR
Evaluate the Godavari river system.
Ans.
- It is an important from the point of view of natural beauty and utility. Due to its huge size, it is called as the Ganges of the South.
- It originates from Tryambak place in Nashik district of Maharashtra and discharges water into Bay of Bengal while flowing in Andhra Pradesh. The Godavari along with its tributaries carries water from some parts of the states of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Orissa. Its catchment area is 313 lakh sq. km.
- Pranahita, Pneganga, Wainganga and Indravati tributaries join it from the north. Whereas there is Manjira in the rivers that meet the south. South of Polavaram where it brings heavy floods to the lower part of the gorge.
- Godavari forms a beautiful Prashat. No-operation is possible only in its deltaic part.
- After Rajahmundi, this river divides into several gorges to form a large delta.
27. Justify the socio-economic statement of interlinking of rivers in India.
Ans. Following are the socio-economic benefits of linking rivers:
- Big rivers have huge potential for hydropower. The Himalayas in the north, Satpura in the middle, chota Nagpur in the east, Meghalaya in the northeast and the Eastern and Western Ghats have huge potential for hydropower.
- If the extra water from these rivers is added to the rivers with less water, then it is possible to supply water for irrigation in agriculture.
- Interlinking of rivers will increase the capacity of food production and increase the production of water power as well as provide relief from flood and drought situations.
- Interlinking of rivers is not an easy plan because the elevation of India is giving it a difficult form.
- Not just in the short term, but on a long term basis it will be a boon for the social and economic sector.
28. How are waterfalls and shipwrecks formed?
Ans. Waterfall –
When the water of the river suddenly falls below the height, it creates a waterfall, many soft and hard rocks come in the course of the river. The soft rocks are cut quickly and the river bed becomes low at that place, thus the water of the river starts falling down at a rapid speed and a water fall is formed.
Shipwrecks –
In the course of the river, hard and soft rocks are located in the transverse direction. Erosion of the soft rock takes place quickly whereas erosion of hard rock takes time. On this slope, the water of the river moves forward with a rapid pace, which is called Kshiprika.
Section E
29. Map Based Question