Class X – Social Science Sample Paper – 2

Ans. a. Rowlatt Act

Ans. b. Bhopal

Ans. d. Female

Ans. d. Statement (i), (iii) & (iv) are correct.

Ans. a. Brussels

Ans. a. Majoritarianism emphasizes the dominance of the majority community, while Power sharing emphasizes the sharing of power among different groups.

Ans. a. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

Ans. d. Double coincidence of want, Money

Ans. c. Power is separated among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with each branch having its own responsibilities and powers.

Ans. a. Frankfurt Parliament

Ans. b. Statements i, ii and iii are appropriate.

Ans. a. An accountable government.

Ans. b. ii, i, iv, iii

Ans. c. Tertiary, Primary and Secondary

Ans. a. Statement (i) is correct and (ii) is incorrect.

Ans. a. Clue i

Ans. c. Representative democracies

Ans. b. Globalization

Ans. d. Only statement iv is right.

Ans. c. Document on Collateral.

Ans. The languages that are dominantly present in Belgium are Dutch and French

Ans.  The Spanish conqueror’s most powerful weapon was not a conventional military weapon because,

● they used germs like smallpox which spread deep into the continent before any European could reach there.

● America’s original inhabitants had no immunity against these diseases that came from Europe. This disease erased the whole community, leading to conquest. This biological warfare in the mid sixteenth century made it easy for Spanish to overpower the Americans.

Ans. “Traders and travelers introduced new crops to lands they travelled”

· It is believed that noodles travelled West from China to become Spaghetti. Perhaps Arab Traders took Pasta to fifth century Cecily and Island now in Italy,

· Similar food was known in India and Japan, so that the truth about their origins may never be known.

· Many of our common foods such as potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes, chilies, sweet potatoes, and so on were not known to our ancestors until about five centuries ago. These foods were only introduced in Europe and Asia after Christopher Columbus accidentally discovered the vast continent that would later become known as the America. In fact, many of our common foods came from America’s original inhabitants – the American Indians.

Ans. Mr. Palani must cultivate Tea in Tamil Nadu as the soil and climatic conditions in Tamil Nādu are suitable to grow Tea.

● The tea plant grows well in tropical and sub-tropical climates endowed with deep and fertile well-drained laterite soil, rich in humus and organic matter. Tea bushes require a warm and moist frost-free climate all through the year.

● Frequent showers evenly distributed over the year ensure continuous growth of tender leaves.

Ans. The following are the reasons to state that India is a federal Country.

● Division of Powers: The Constitution of India clearly demarcates the powers of the Central and State governments, and both have their separate areas of jurisdiction. The Seventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution lists the Union List, State List, and Concurrent List, which define the powers and responsibilities of the Central and State governments.

● Independent Judiciary: India has an independent judiciary with the power of judicial review. The Supreme Court of India is the highest judicial authority in the country and has the power to interpret the Constitution and resolve disputes between the Central and State governments.

● Representation of States: The Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Indian Parliament, represents the States and Union Territories of India. The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected by the elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the States and Union Territories. These factors contribute to India being a federal country where power is divided between the Central and State governments.

(Any two relevant points to be explained)

Ans.

· The rise of print culture in India during the 19th century played a crucial role in awakening the social life of women. The printing press allowed women to access information, knowledge and ideas that were previously inaccessible to them. Women’s magazines, newspapers and books provided a platform for women to express their views, ideas and opinions on various social issues such as education, gender equality, women’s rights, and social reform.

· Liberal husbands and fathers began educating their womenfolk at home and sent them to schools.

· In East Bengal, Rashsundari Debi, a young married girl in a very orthodox household, learnt to read in the secrecy of her kitchen and wrote her autobiography Amar Jiban (1876). It was the first full-length autobiography published in the Bengali language.

· The Bengali women like Kailashbashini Debi wrote books highlighting the experiences of women – about how women were imprisoned at home, kept in ignorance, forced to do hard domestic labor and treated unjustly by their families.

· In Maharashtra, Tarabai Shinde & and; Pandita Ramabai wrote with passionate anger about the miserable lives of upper-caste Hindu women, especially widows.

· A woman in a Tamil novel expressed what reading meant to women who were confined by social regulations:’ For various reasons, my world is small … More than half my life’s happiness has come from books …’

· Therefore, print culture helped awaken social consciousness and contributed to the progress of women’s rights and empowerment in India.

(Any 3 relevant points to be mentioned)

Ans. The following are the ways in which the workers in the unorganized sector can be protected by the government.

· The small factories must be registered by the government and have to follow its rules and regulations which are given in various laws such as the Factories Act, Minimum Wages Act, Payment of Gratuity Act, Shops and Establishments Act etc.

· The government can provide loans to help un-employed educated youth to start their own business

· The workers are supposed to get medical benefits and, under the laws, the factory manager has to ensure facilities like drinking water and a safe working

Ans. Under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MNREGA), the Village Head, Mr. Pawan, can take several initiatives to increase the income of the people living in his village. MNREGA aims to provide employment to rural households, and the following activities can be initiated to generate employment opportunities and increase income:

· Cleaning the lake/pond: Cleaning and maintaining water bodies such as lakes and ponds can help to improve the quality of water and make it suitable for irrigation purposes. This can lead to increased agricultural productivity, which, in turn, can increase the income of the farmers. Additionally, cleaning of the lake/ pond can provide employment opportunities for the local people.

· Village road construction: The construction of village roads can improve connectivity and accessibility within the village, making it easier for people to commute to work or transport goods. This can help to increase economic activity in the village, creating more job opportunities and boosting the income of the local people.

· Co-operative milk society/small scale industry: The formation of a co-operative milk society can provide a platform for the local dairy farmers to collectively sell their milk and other dairy products, increasing their income. Similarly, the establishment of a small-scale industry can generate employment opportunities and create a market for local products, which can further contribute to increasing the income of the people.

· Construction work: The construction of houses, community centers, and other infrastructure projects can generate employment opportunities for the local people, helping to boost their income. This can also improve the living standards of the villagers, making it a sustainable solution for poverty reduction.

(Any 3 relevant points to be mentioned)

Ans. Agriculture gives boost to the industrial sector in the following way:

● Raw Material Supply: Agriculture is a significant source of raw materials for various industries, such as food processing, textiles, and paper. For instance, the cotton industry relies heavily on the production of cotton from agricultural fields. Similarly, food processing industries rely on agricultural products such as fruits, vegetables, and cereals. Thus, a healthy agricultural sector can ensure a steady supply of raw materials for industries, which, in turn, can boost their productivity and growth.

● Market Expansion: Agriculture provides a vast market for industrial products. For example, the use of agricultural machinery such as tractors, tillers, and harvesters creates a demand for industrial goods, including steel, plastics, and rubber. Moreover, the growth of the agricultural sector increases the purchasing power of farmers, who become a significant consumer group for industrial products such as consumer goods, automobiles, and appliances.

● Employment Generation: Agriculture is a labor-intensive sector that generates employment opportunities for a significant population in India. A healthy agricultural sector can increase the income levels of farmers and agricultural workers, which, in turn, can create a demand for industrial products and services. Additionally, agriculture-related industries such as food processing and agrochemicals also create job opportunities, especially in rural areas. Thus, a robust agricultural sector can help to reduce unemployment and poverty, which are major challenges in India.

(Any three relevant points to be mentioned)

Ans. 1. The Indian Constitution has a three-fold distribution of legislative power, which contains three lists: The Union List, the State List, and the Concurrent List. The subjects that are included in the Union List are those that are under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Union Government. Some of the subjects that are included in the Union List are:

● Defense of the country

● Foreign affairs and relations

● Banking, currency, and coinage

● Railways and air transport

● Posts and telegraphs

● Census and statistics

● Copyrights, patents, and trademarks

2. The subject “Education” comes under the Concurrent List, which means that both the Union Government and the State Governments have the power to make laws on this subject. The Concurrent List contains subjects that are of common interest to both the Union and the State Governments.

(Any relevant points to be mentioned)

Ans. Substantial shift in employment in primary Sector hasn’t happened because of the following reasons.

1. Insufficient job creation in the secondary and tertiary sectors: The primary reason for the limited shift in employment from the primary sector is the failure to generate an adequate number of jobs in the secondary (industrial) and tertiary (service) sectors. The growth of industrial output and service sector production has been significant, but the corresponding increase in employment opportunities has been comparatively lower.

2. Underemployment in the agricultural sector: The primary sector, particularly agriculture, suffers from underemployment, with more people engaged in farming than necessary. Even if a few individuals are moved out of agriculture, it does not significantly affect the production. This indicates that workers in the agricultural sector are not fully utilized, leading to a lower productivity level.

3. Share of Sectors in Employment though industrial output or the production of goods went up by more than nine times during the period, employment in the industry went up by around three times. The same applies to the tertiary sector as well. While production in the service sector rose by 14 times, employment in the service sector rose around five times. As a result, more than half of the workers in the country are working in the primary sector, mainly in agriculture, producing only about one sixth of the GDP. In contrast to this, the secondary and tertiary sectors produce the rest of the produce whereas they employ less about half the people

Ans. The hazards of mining or the impacts of mining on the health of the miners and the environment are given below:

· The dust and noxious fumes inhaled by miners make them vulnerable to pulmonary diseases.

· The risk of collapsing mine roofs,

· Inundation and fires in coal mines are a constant threat to miners.

· The fact that mining is one of the most dangerous jobs, mining usually has a negative impact on the environment with the production of a lot of waste.

· Disruption to the local flora and fauna, and contamination of local water sources.

· It could require the removal of massive amounts of topsoil, leading to erosion, loss of habitat and pollution.

(Any other relevant points).

Ans. “Non-conventional resources are the best option to conserve the natural resources”

· Non-conventional sources are also known as renewable sources of energy. Examples of non-conventional sources of energy include solar energy, Bio energy, tidal energy, wind energy, Geo thermal energy, Natural gas etc.

· They are inexhaustible and renewable. They are also considered as clean sources of energy.

· Optimal use of resources of energy minimizes environmental impact and nonconventional resources produce minimum secondary waste compared to use conventional sources.

· The growing consumption of energy has resulted in the country becoming increasingly depend on fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas. Rising prices of oil and gas and their potential shortages have raised uncertainties about the security of energy supply in future., which in turn has serious repercussions on the growth of the national economy.

· Natural gas is considered an environmentally friendly fuel because of low carbon dioxide emissions. It does not cause air pollution or environmental degradation. thus, it is the fuel for present century.

· Renewable energy resources technologies provide an excellent opportunity for mitigation of greenhouse gas emission and reducing global warming through substituting conventional energy sources.

(Any other relevant point)

Ans.

· The Civil Code of 1804 – usually known as the Napoleonic Code, secured the right to property, established equality before the law, and removed all privileges based on birth.

· The Napoleonic Code was followed by the regions under the French control.

· New businessmen, artisans, peasants, and workers enjoyed a new-found freedom.

· In territories under French control such as Italy, Germany, Switzerland, and Dutch Republic, peasants were freed from manorial dues, peasants were freed from serfdom, feudal system was abolished, administrative divisions were simplified.

· Guild restrictions were removed in towns.

· There were improvements in communication and transport systems.

· To facilitate the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one region to another, small-scale producers of goods and businessmen began to realise that common national currency, standardised measures and weights, and uniform laws were of great help.

(Any other relevant points)

Ans. The representatives of the four great European powers – Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe. The Congress was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich. The result was the Treaty of Vienna of 1815.

· Its object was to undo the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic wars and to restore the monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon, and create a new conservative order in Europe.

· The bourbon dynasty, (deposed during the French Revolution) was restored to power.

· France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon.

· A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent it from expansion in the future. E.g., kingdom of the Netherlands, which included Belgium, was set up in the north.

· Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south. Prussia was given territories on its western frontiers. Austria was given control of northern Italy.

· The German confederation of 39 states set up by Napoleon was left untouched. In the east, Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony.

Thus, conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic. They did not tolerate criticism and dissent. They curbed activities that questioned the legitimacy of autocratic governments.

(Any other relevant points)

Ans. In a democratic system like India, multiparty politics plays a crucial role in representing the diverse interests and aspirations of the citizens.

· The multiparty system allows for a competitive and dynamic political environment, where parties with different ideologies and agendas can participate and compete for the support of the electorate.

· The presence of multiple parties also provides a check and balance against any one party becoming too powerful and dominant.

· This system allows a variety of interests and opinions to enjoy political representation. People can make a choice between several candidates.

· Through this system different and diverse parties could represent the sections of society and power does not absorb in the hands of one single party. India adopted this system because of the vast diversity and plurality in the nation.

(Any other relevant points)

Ans. The difference between the National parties and the regional Parties are:

· National parties are powerful in the nation and deal with national issues.

· Regional parties’ power is limited to a specific region or state, only the issues and demands of a specific region are discussed by regional parties.

· National parties’ actions offer preference to national issues over regional problems.

· Regional parties’ operations are confined to the state.

The regional parties must attain the following requirements to become a National Party:

· A party must gain at least six percent of the total votes in lok sabha or assembly elections in four states to be a national party and win at least four seats in lok sabha.

· A party has to receive at least six percent of the total votes in the legislative election to become a regional party and win at least two seats.

Examples of national parties are the BJP, Congress and BSP. The examples of regional parties are DMK, Telugu Desam.)

(Any other relevant points)

Ans. The Farmer has fallen into “Debt trap”, He is in a situation where he will not be able to repay the debt incurred because: The Informal sector was the source of credit opted by the farmer, where

· the Rate of interest is high,

· no proper documentation is sought,

· no set of rules and regulations will be followed,

· the lenders were often punished and will be ill-treated,

· the prime motive of the informal sources of this kind of credit is to make profit.

He may face the following Consequences:

· The farmer may face ongoing harassment and physical harm from the men sent by the money lender.

· He will not be able to make regular interest payments or repay the full amount borrowed. This could lead to significant stress and anxiety, as well as potential physical injuries.

· Borrowing from another landlord to repay the original loan may create a cycle of debt for the farmer particularly if the interest rates on the second loan are also high.

The farmer may experience personal consequences, such as mental stress, anxiety, and depression due to the constant pressure of repayments and harassment from the lenders.

(Any other relevant points)

Ans. Self Help Groups help the poor to become self-reliant in terms of savings and generating income.

· They avail the facilities of loans from formal sources like banks at low rate of interest.

· They do not demand collateral and so it is easy to access by the poor.

· Self-help groups are exclusively meant for rural women to make them Economically independent through self-employment opportunities.

· Helps to improve other development factors such as literacy levels, improved healthcare and better family planning.

· Economic empowerment. SHGs provide women with a platform to save and access credit at affordable rates, which enables them to start and expand small businesses. Thus improving the standard of living.

· Skill development: SHGs in India have also been successful in providing skill development and training opportunities to women. Through training programs, women are equipped with the necessary skills to start and run successful businesses.

· Social empowerment. By providing a platform for women to come together, share their experiences, and support each other, SHGs have empowered women to take charge of their lives and become active participants in their communities.

(Any other relevant points)

Ans. Gandhiji said” passive resistance is not the weapon of the weak because it calls for intense activity with a lot of inner strength

Ans. Truth is the very substance of the soul that is informed with knowledge and thus this force is called satyagraha.

Ans. Mahatma Gandhi in his book Hind Swaraj declared that through noncooperation (Satyagraha) only British rule could be collapsed in India as they could build their empire only with the cooperation of Indians.

Ans. Two reasons for Maharashtra facing a water crisis are overexploitation of groundwater and pollution of surface water bodies due to industrialization and urbanization.

Ans. Despite receiving the second-highest rainfall in the country, traditional irrigation practices like flood irrigation leading to water shortages in Maharashtra. This is because flood irrigation involves excessive water use, and the water gets lost due to runoff, leading to less water available for other uses.

Ans. To mitigate the water crisis in Maharashtra, one solution could be to promote the adoption of more efficient irrigation practices, such as drip irrigation and sprinkler systems, that use less water and are more targeted in their delivery. The state can also use rain water harvesting system to improve ground water levels along the western side of western Ghats which receive maximum rain fall. This will increase the efficiency of water use in the state of Maharashtra

(Any one of the above or any other relevant solution)

Ans. The Per capita income enables comparisons between countries and provides insights into the relative economic performance and living standards across different nations.

Per capita income also serves as an important indicator of the standard of living in a country.

Ans. The courtiers are classified into “High income or Rich countries and low income countries based on their per capita Income. If it is US $ 49,300 per annum they will be classified as rich country and if the per capita income is US$ 2500 per annum it will be called a poor country. World Bank determines this classification.

Ans.

Ans. – Neyveli

Ans. Salal Dam

Ans. Vishakhapatnam

Ans. –Uttar Pradesh