Class X – Social Science Practice Paper – 2 – Answers

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Ans. Money acts as a medium of exchange as it facilitates through a common medium i.e., currency. With money as a medium, the two components of a transaction namely, sale and purchase can be easily separated. The use of money makes it easier to exchange things because of the following reasons:

i. It is accepted as a medium of exchange

ii. It serves as a unit of value

iii. It solves the problem of double coincidence of wants.

Ans. The Krishna-Godavari dispute is based on the objections raised by the governments of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. The reason behind this dispute was diversion of more water flow at Koyna by the Maharashtra government for irrigation and a hydroelectricity project. It was felt that this would lessen the flow in their states which would have adverse effects on industry and agriculture.

Ans. The functioning of formal sources of credit in India is supervised by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI)

This is done by the following methods:

i. Commercial Banks are required to hold part of their cash reserves with the Reserve Bank of India, besides maintaining a minimum cash balance out of the deposits they receive.

ii. It ensures that the banks give loans not just to private profit making businesses and traders.

iii. Commercial Banks have to submit the lending information details to the Reserve Bank of India to ensure that the banks give loans to all kinds of customers.

Ans. i. In 1956, an Act was passed to recognize Sinhala as the only official language.

ii. The governments followed preferential policies that favoured Sinhala applicants for university positions and government jobs.

iii. A new Constitution stipulated that the state shall protect and foster Buddhism.

iv. Sri Lankan Tamils felt that none of the major Political parties led by the Buddhist Sinhala leaders was sensitive to their language and culture.

Ans. Demands of the Tamils:

i. Recognition of Tamil as an official language

ii. Equal opportunities for Tamils in government jobs.

iii. Regional autonomy

Ans. Local governments support a great deal in lessening the workload of Centre and State governments:

i. The local governments take up some of the responsibilities of the Central and State governments.

ii. They share some of their burdens and allow them time to concentrate on matters of the state importance and national importance.

iii. Much of their time which was hitherto wasted on local problems, could not be devoted to much more important issues.

iv. there are a large number of issues and problems which are best settled at the local level.

v. People have better knowledge of their problems and better ideas on where to spend money and how much to spend.

Ans. NREGA 2005 guarantee at least 100 days work for one member of each family. By doing so, this programme fulfils one of the fundamental rights as per the Constitution. Hence, this programme is aply called ‘Right to work’.

Being a village head, there are many activities that would increase the income of people under this act. Many activities under MGNREGA can be taken up including.

i. Water conservation and water harvesting

ii. Drought proofing by digging tube wells.

iii. Constructing irrigation canals.

iv. Making provision of irrigation facility on the lands of disadvantaged sections, SCs, STs and others

v. Renovation of traditional water bodies (e.g. tanks)

vi. Land development for agriculture, horticulture etc

vii. Constructing check dams for flood control and protection.

viii. Construction of roads for improving rural connectivity to provide all-weather access to the villages.

These activities would provide a double benefit. They will provide much needed employment to the people and would help in the development of village as well.

Ans. Tertiary sector is different from other sectors in the following ways:

i. Primary sector includes all those activities which result in the output of natural products.

ii. The secondary sector includes activities which produce a new product by transforming the shape of a natural product.

iii. Tertiary activities neither produce any natural product nor transform the shape of natural products, it only supports the activities in both sectors. Steel produced in a factor has to move long distance. It can be done by a strong network of tertiary activities.

Hence, the tertiary sector is different from the other two sectors because the other sectors produce goods but this sector does not produce goods by itself. Instead the tertiary sector activities help in the development of the primary and secondary sectors.

Ans. Feminism believes in equal rights and opportunities for men and women. It is a collection of movements and ideologies aimed at defining, establishing and defending equal political, economic and social rights for women. A feminist advocates or supports the rights and equality of women. Enhanced women power can make our society more strong. Thus feminism cannot be regarded as a bad thing. But casteism and communalism usually divide society and enhance inequality. These two are major challenges to our democracy. Our Constitution makers were aware of these challenges. That is why they chose the model of a secular state. Also, the Constitution of India prohibited any caste-based discrimination and lad the foundations of policies to reverse the injustices due to casteism. So, we must oppose casteism and communalism but not feminism.

Conclusion:

– Casteism is the principle in which one caste is superior to others. Communalism is the principle in which one believes is superior to others.

– Feminism is the movement/principle which focuses on the idea that both genders are equal.

– So, basically, communalism and casteism are concepts to promote inequality whereas feminism promotes equality.

Ans. i. In a democracy the government is known as a responsive government as it responds to the needs of the people.

ii. A non-democratic government may or may not respond to the needs of the people. It all depends upon the wishes of the people who rule.

iii. A democracy requires the rulers to attend to the needs of people. Therefore, a democratic government is a better form of government because it is a more accountable form of government.

iv. In a democracy there is always a space for public discussions and has a room for correction of mistakes.

Ans. Difference in the infant mortality rate of Punjab and Kerala

Infant Mortality rate in Punjab: 49 per 1000

Infant Mortality rate in Kerala: 11 per 1000

Difference = Infant Mortality rate in Punjab – Infant Mortality rate in Kerala

= 49 – 11 = 38

Difference = 38 per 1000

Ans. Literacy rate of Kerala = 91%

Literacy rate of Bihar = 47%

Difference = Literacy rate of Kerala – Literacy rate of Bihar

= 91% – 47% = 44%

Ans. We can conclude that Bihar has the lowest HDI because of the following reasons:

a. Bihar has the highest Infant Mortality rate i.e., 60 per 1000

b. Literacy rate is very low in Bihar as compared to the other states. The literacy rate in Bihar is only 47%.

Ans. On the basis of status of development, resources are classified into the following categories:

i. Potential resources: Resources which are found in a region, but have not been utilized due to the lack of capital are called potential capital. For example, the western parts of India particularly Rajasthan and Gujarat have enormous potential for the development of wind and solar energy, but so far these have not been developed properly.

ii. Developed resources: Resources which are surveyed and their quality and quantity have been determined for utilization are called developed capital. The development of resources depends on technology and level of their feasibility.

iii. Stock: Material in the environment which have the potential to satisfy human needs but human being do not have the appropriate technology to access these, are included among stock. For example, water is a compound of two infla1nmab le gases: Hydrogen and oxygen, which can be used as a rich source of energy. But we do not have the required technology to use them for this purpose. Hence, it can be considered as stock.

iv. Reserves: Reserves are the subset of stock, which can be put into use with the help of existing technology but their use has not been started. These can be used for meeting future requirements.

Ans. Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs, provided, it is technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable can be termed as ‘Resource’.

Renewable and Non-renewable resources:

Ans. No, the globalisation cannot be said fair. Although, it has many advantages, still, there are many problems that it faces.

Some of these problems are as under:

i. Not everyone has benefited from globalisation. Rather, it has benefitted only well-off consumers and also producers with skill, education and wealth.

ii. It widens economic inequality among people. The rich have become richer and the population of the poor is still on increase.

iii. It leads to the insecurity of jobs. In the case of policy changes, the MNC closes its offices. Also, at the time of recession, there is generally large-scale retrenchment in MNCs.

iv. Globalisation might result in economic imperialism.

v. MNCs do not use eco-friendly methods as a result of which there are environn1ental proble1ns in the host country.

Fair globalisation is a dream which would create oppo1tunities for all and ensure that the benefits of globalisation are shared better.

Following measures can be suggested to make globalisation just and fair:

i. The government should ensure that labour laws are properly implemented and the workers get their rights.

ii. It should protect small domestic producers at their initial stage.

iii. It should work with other developing countries to negotiate at the WTO for fairer rules.

iv. MNCs should not take into account their profits only but have to take into consideration the welfare of the people also.

v. It should increase employment opportunities in developing countries where unemployment is a major issue.

Ans. MNC is an enterprise operating in several countries but managed from one (home) country. There are a variety of ways in which the MNCs are spreading their production across the globe which are as under:

i. MNCs set up production jointly with the local companies of that area. This benefits the local companies as the MNC may bring with it better technology and provide money for investment.

ii. They set-up units where there is skilled and unskilled labour available at low cost.

iii. Large MNCs in developed countries place orders for productions with small producers.

iv. They have tremendous power to determine price, quality delivery and labour conditions for distant producers.

v. Sometimes, MNCs order the product from local producers. When the product like garments is supplied to the MNC, they sell it under their own brand name.

vi. Most of the times, MNCs buy up the local companies to expand production. For example, Cargill Food, an American MNC had bought Parakh Food.

Ans. Due to expansion of world trade, the merchants wanted to expand their production. But the major problems faced by new European merchants in setting up their industries in towns before the industrial revolution were:

i. Urban crafts and trade guilds were very powerful. They could create many problems for the merchants in their towns.

ii. These associations of producers that trained craftspeople, maintained control over production, regulated competition and prices, and restricted the entry of new people into the trade.

iii. Rulers had granted the monopoly rights to different guild to produce and trade in specific products.

iv. In the countryside, peasants and artisans were available for work.

Ans. The early industrialists of India contributed significantly to shaping the industrial development of India:

a. Dwarkanath Tagore: First of all, he was involved in China trade. Later, he set up six joint-stock companies in the 1830s and 1840s. He believed that India would develop through westernization and industrialization. He invested in shipping, ship-building, mining, banking, plantations and insurance.

b. Dinshaw Petit: He built a huge industrial empire in India. He was involved in China trade and raw cotton shipments to England.

c. Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata: Initially, he was involved in China trade and raw cotton shipments to England. In 1912, he set up the first iron and steel works in India at Jamshedpur.

d. Seth Hukumchand: He was a Marwari businessman who set up the first Indian jute mill in Calcutta in 1917. He also traded with China.

Ans. Functions of political parties are:

i. Contesting elections: In most elections around the world, parties put up candidates who compete in the elections. Different countries have a different way of selecting candidates like in India, top leaders choose.

ii. Making policies and programmes: Parties make and support policies and programmes according to the various opinions and interests of people. The government usually follows the programmes of the ruling party.

iii. Making Laws: The legislature debate and make the laws. Most of the members would belong to a party so they adhere to the party’s decisions and not personal ones usually.

iv. Forming governments: The big decisions are taken by the political executives who are chosen and are part of the winning party. Hence, they form and run the government.

v. Role of opposition: Those who lose the elections become the opposition and they question and criticize the policies of the government. They represent different views and keep the ruling party in check.

Ans. Functions of the ruling parties:

i. A ruling party is one which has secured a majority in elections and has formed the government Ruling party ensures that the country runs as per set ideologies and programmes. A ruling party makes laws and policies for the country. Members of the legislature belong to various political parties and are guided by party ideologies.

ii. Parties give representation to diverse interests in society, the give recognition to minorities. Parties provide access to people to government machinery. Ordinary citizens can also vent their grievances to local party leaders with regard to any policy and its implementation.

Functions of the opposition parties:

i. to keep a check on the government in and outside the Parliament and also to provide an alternative to the people of the country.

ii. Opposition plays an important role in acting as a link between the people and the government. It also offers constructive criticism.

Ans. In the nineteenth century, lending libraries in England became instruments for educating white-collar workers, artisans and lower-middle-class people. Sometimes, self-educated working-class people wrote for themselves. Workers had some time for self-improvement and self-expression. They wrote political tracts and autobiographies in large numbers.

Ans. Some of the best known- novelists were Jane Austen, the Bronte sisters, George Eliot. Their writings became important in defining a new type of woman: a person with a will, the strength of personality, determination and the power to think

Ans. In the year 1905, Abanindranath Tagore painted his famous image of Bharat Mata. In this painting Bharat Mata is portrayed as an ascetic figure; she is calm, composed, divine, and spiritual.

Ans. By 1921, Gandhiji had designed the Swaraj flag. It was again a tricolor (red, green and white) and had a spinning wheel in the centre, representing the Gandhian ideal of self-help.

Ans. The image of Bharat Mata was first created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. In the 1870s he wrote ‘Vande Mataram’ as a hymn to the motherland.

Ans. (i) Pipelines mode of transportation reduces trans-shipment losses and delays in the supply of petroleum and gases.

Ans. i. Pipelines transportation are the most convenient and efficient mode of transporting liquids and gases in large quantities over long distances.

ii. These are used for transporting crude oil, petroleum products and natural gas from oil and natural gas fields to refineries, fertilizer factories and big thermal power plants.

iii. Solids can also be transported through a pipeline when converted into a slurry.

(Any two relevant points)

Ans. i. Waterways are the cheapest means of transport.

ii. They are most suitable for carrying heavy and bulky goods.

iii. It is a fuel-efficient and environment-friendly mode of transport.

(Any two relevant points)

Ans. Nagpur

Ans. Chauri Chaura