Class X – Social Science – Paper – 6

Ans. (b) A map celebrating the British Empire.

Ans. (a) Swarai Party wanted members of Congress to return to Council Politics.

Ans. (a) Only (iv)

Ans. (d) 4, 3, 2, 1

Ans. (d) A -Cotton. B -Alluvial soil

Alluvial soils as a whole are very fertile. Mostly these soils contain adequate proportion of potash, phosphoric acid and lime which are ideal for the growth of sugarcane, paddy, wheat and other cereal and pulse crops. Due to its high fertility, regions of alluvial soils are intensively cultivated and densely populated.

Black soil is ideal for growing cotton and is also known as black cotton soil. The black soils are made up of extremely fine i.e., clayey material. They are well-known for their capacity to hold moisture. In addition, they are rich in soil nutrients, such as calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash and lime. These soils are generally poor in phosphoric contents.

Ans. (a) A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3

Ans. (d) A, B and C

Ans. (a) Kanshi Ram

Ans. (b) Union List

Union List includes subjects of national importance such as defence of the country, foreign affairs, banking, communications and currency. They are included in this list because we need a uniform policy on these matters throughout the country. The Union Government alone can make laws relating to the subjects mentioned in the Union List.

Ans. (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

Ans. (d) Both statement is correct

Ans. (c) Sources of revenue for each level of government are clearly specified to ensure its financial autonomy.

In a federal system Sources of revenue for each level of government are clearly specified to ensure its financial autonomy.

Ans. (a) Only I

Ans. (a) Democracy has to accommodate all the diverse demand from different section of society.

Ans. (a) Groundwater

Groundwater is an example of renewable resources. These resources are replenished by nature as in the case of crops and plants. However, even these resources may be overused. For example, in the case of groundwater, if we use more than what is being replenished by rain then we would be overusing this resource.

Ans. (a) before the age of one year as a proportion to 1000 live births in that particular year.

The infant mortality rate is the number of deaths of children under one year of age per 1,000 live births. This rate is an important key indicator for a country’s health and standard of living; a low infant mortality rate indicates a high standard of healthcare.

Ans. (a) Tertiary or Service sector

Ans. (b) activities in which natural products are changed into other forms through ways of manufacturing

Secondary industries are those that take the raw materials produced by the primary sector and process them into manufactured goods and products. Examples of secondary industries include heavy manufacturing, light manufacturing, food processing, oil refining and energy production.

Ans. (c) The share of formal sector is 52%

Ans. (b) importance of next sector is increased.

Ans. Meghalaya is one of the major pineapple producing states of India. It contributes 8% of the total pineapple produced in India.

Ans. Problems caused by setting up of Multi-purpose projects and large dams:

(1) Regulating and damming of rivers affect their natural flow causing poor sediment flow.

(2) Dams fragment rivers.

(3) Difficulty for aquatic fauna to migrate.

(4) Submergence of existing vegetation.

(5) Decomposition of soil.

(6) Large scale displacement of local communities.

Ans. Three factors which determine the outcome of politics of social division are:

(1) Peoples’ perception of their identifies: When this is singular, the accommodation of other identities becomes difficult.

(2) Representation of a community by political leaders While representing a community if politicians raise demands that are constitutional then it is easier to accommodate those demands.

(3) The government’s reaction: If the reasonable demands of a community are suppressed by the government, then it leads to social division, which in turn threaten the integrity of the country.

Ans. The major distinctions between coming together and holding together federations are

Ans. Gram Sabha includes all the adult citizen voters of the village. It is empowered to support the Gram Panchayat body. The functions of Gram Sabha are

(i) It elects the members of the Gram Panchayat

(ii) It supervises the work of the Gram Panchayat

(iii) It approves the annual budget of the Panchayat.

(iv) It reviews the performance of the Gram Panchayat.

Ans. (i) In the beginning, China had a system of hand printing in which paper was rubbed against the inked surface of woodblocks.

(ii) In the sixteenth century, the volume of print increased due to increase in the number

of textbooks required by the civil services aspirants.

(iii) With the bloom in urban culture in the seventeenth century, once again the use of printed material increased.

(iv) Later on, China gradually moved from hand printing to mechanical printing.

Ans. Minerals require millions of year to form. These are non-renewable resources and their stock is limited. Continuous extraction of minerals raises the cost of extraction as they have to be dug from greater depths. Minerals may also be low in quality.

(1) A concerned effort has to be made in order to use our mineral resources in a planned and sustainable manner.

(2) Use of substitutes in order to save minerals should be encouraged.

(3) Improved technologies need to be constantly evolved to allow the use of low grade ores at low costs.

(4) Recycling of minerals using scrap metals and other substitutes are some steps in conserving our mineral resources for the future.

Ans. The discovery of iron made revolutionary changes in the life of man. This can be seen from the following examples:

1. The discovery of iron led to the development of various crafts. The metal workers and blacksmith produced tools and implements of various kinds which further led to the development of carpentry, tannery, weaving and other different crafts.

2. The discovery of iron started a revolution in the field of agriculture as sickles, hoes and ploughshares began to be made of iron instruments, tools, implements and even weapons are made of iron.

3. The discovery of iron also encouraged ship-building and thus added to the sea-faring activities in the period of Guptas, Cholas etc. in India.

Ans. Achievements:

(1) Local self-governments make it possible for the people at the local level to directly participate in decision making. This helps to inculcate a habit of democratic representation. Thus constitutional status for local government has helped to deepen in our country.

(2) Local self-governments also have helped to increase women’s voice and representatives in our democracy.

Difficulties:

(1) While elections are held regularly and enthusiastically, Gram Sabhas are not held regularly.

(2) Most State Governments have not transferred significant powers to the Local Governments nor have they given them adequate resources.

Ans. (1) Democratic government is people’s own government that is why, there is an overwhelming support for the idea of democracy all over the world.

(2) People wish to be ruled by representatives elected by them.

(3) They also believe that democracy is suitable for their country.

(4) Democracy has the ability to generate its own support which itself is an outcome that can not be ignored.

(5) It provides people the option to choose their own rulers.

Ans. (a) The share of the primary sector and the secondary sector in Indian GDP has decreased in a significant manner.

(b) The importance of the tertiary sector is rising because of the following reasons

(i) This sector provides basic services such as hospitals, educational institutions, post and telegraph services, police stations, courts, municipal corporations, defence, banks, insurance, etc which are basic for the development of the country.

(ii) This sector provides services such as transport, trade, storage, etc which help in the development of the agriculture or the primary sector and the industries or the secondary sector.

Ans. The 17th and the 18th century was a time when open fields were disappearing and common ones were being enclosed. Cottagers and poor peasants, who had earlier depended on common land for their survival gathering their firewood, berries, vegetables, hay and straw, had now to look for alternative sources of income. Many had tiny plots of land which could not provide work for all members of the household. So when merchants arrived and offered advances to produce goods for them, they happily agreed.

(i) In the 17th and 18th centuries, merchants from the towns in Europe began moving to the countryside, supplying money to peasants and artisans, persuading them to produce for an international market.

(ii) With the expansion of world trade and the acquisition of colonies in different parts of the world, the demand for goods began growing. But merchants could not expand production within towns because here urban crafts and trade guilds were powerful.

(iii) These were associations of producers that trained craftspeople, maintained control over production, regulated competition and prices, and restricted the entry of new people into the trade.

(iv) Rulers granted different guilds the monopoly right to produce and trade in specific products.

It was therefore difficult for new merchants to set up business in towns.

(v) So they turned to the countryside. In the countryside, poor peasants and artisans who had lost their common lands began working for merchants and produced goods and indirectly served the international market.

Ans. In the 18^th century, the family had been a unit of production and consumption as well as of political decision-making. There was a big change in the older pattern.

(i) Ties between members of households loosened, and among the working class the institution of marriage tended to break down.

(ii) Women of the upper and middle classes in Britain, on the other hand, faced increasingly higher levels of isolation, although their lives were made casier by domestic maids who cooked, cleaned and cared for young children on low wages.

(iii) Women who worked for wages had some control over their lives, particularly among the lower social classes. However, many social reformers felt that the family as an institution had broken down, and needed to be saved or reconstructed by pushing these women back into their homes. (iv) The city encouraged a new spirit of individualism among both men and women, and a freedom from the collective values that were a feature of the smaller rural communities.

(v) Men and women did not have equal access to this new urban space. As women lost their industrial jobs and conservative people rallied against their presence in public spaces, women were forced to withdraw into their homes.

Ans. Gender division is not based on biology but on social expectations and stereotype:

(1) Boys and girls are brought up to believe that the main responsibility of women is house work and bringing up children. There is sexual division of labour in most families where women stay at home and men work outside to play the role of breadwinners.

(2) Literacy rate among women is only 54% in comparison to 76% among men. In studies, girls mostly perform better than boys, but they drop out simply because their parents prefer to spend their resources on their sons education. A smaller proportion of girls go for higher studies.

(3) On an average, a woman works more than an average man everyday. Since much of her work is not paid for, therefore often not valued. The Equal Wages Act provides for equal wages for equal work, but in almost all areas of work from sports to cinema, from factories of fields, women are comparatively paid less because of the male chauvinistic bent of mind of society.

(4) Child sex-ratio is very low. In India, the national average is 914. In some places it is even lower because parents prefer to have sons so they get girl child aborted.

(5) In urban areas too, women are not respected and are unsafe even in their homes being subjected to beating, harassment and other forms of domestic violence.

(6) The role of women in politics in most societies is minimal.

Ans. (1) The Textile Industry occupies unique position in the Indian economy, because it contributes significantly to industrial production (14) percent), employment generation (35 million persons directly the second largest after agriculture) and foreign exchange earnings (about 24.6 percent).

(2) It contributes 4 per cent towards GDP. It is the only industry in the country, which is self- reliant and complete in the value chain, i.e., from raw material to the highest value added products.

(3) In the early years, the Cotton Textile Industry was concentrated in the cotton growing belt of Maharashtra and Gujarat. Availability of raw cotton, market, transport including accessible port facilities, labour, moist climate, etc. contributed towards its localization.

(4) this industry has close links with agriculture and provides a living to farmers, cotton ball pluckers and workers engaged in ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, designing, packaging, tailoring and sewing.

(5) The industry by creating demand, supports many other industries, such as, chemicals and dyes, mill stores, packaging materials and engineering works.

Ans. The reasons for the necessity of the political parties in India are given below :

(1) Modern democracies cannot exist without political parties. The necessity of a political party in democracy can be understood from the given points.

If every elected representative is independent, and then no one can make promise for any major policy changes. The government may be formed but its utility will remain always uncertain. Non-party based Panchayat election also creates same problems.

(2) The rise of political parties is directly linked to the emergence of representative democracies. As society became larger and complicated, they also need some agency to gather different views on various issues and to present these to the government.

(3) Political parties inform the people about the working of the ruling party. They discuss the problems of the state, the working and failure of the government and give suggestion for the upliftment of masses.

(4) Political party acts as a link between government and masses.

(5) Political parties from and run governments. The executive body is formed by people from the ruling party. Various political leaders are assigned different ministries to carry out the task of governance.

Ans. Arguments in support this statement :

(1) In political parties there is a tendency towards the concentration of power is one or few leaders at the top. They do not keep membership registers, hold organisational meetings and conduct internal elections regularly. As a result, the ordinary members of the party do not get sufficient information on what happens inside the party.

(2) Most of the political parties do not practice open and transparent procedures for their functioning. It leaves very few ways for an ordinary worker to rise to the top in a party. Besides, those who happen to be the leaders are in a position of unfair advantage to favour people close to them or even their family members certainly this is unfair to other members of the party and is bad for democracy. (3) Because the parties are focussed only on winning elections, they tend to use short- cuts methods to win elections. They desire to nominate those candidates who can raise lots of money. In some cases they support the candidates with criminal backgrounds to win elections. Obviously, this practice is not good for democracy.

(4) The political parties do not seem to give a meaningful choice to the voters. Besides, in recent years there has been a decline in the ideological differences among the parties also. For this act, they face severe criticism also.

Ans. The incentives and facilities offered to the units in SEZs for attracting investments into the SEZs, including foreign investment include:

(1) Duty free import/domestic procurement of goods for development, operation and maintenance of SEZ units.

(2) 100% Income Tax exemption on export income for SEZ units under Section 10AA of the Income Tax Act for first 5 years, 50% for next 5 years thereafter, and 50% of the ploughed back export profit for next 5 years.

(3) Exemption from Central Sales Tax, exemption from Service Tax and exemption from State sales tax. These have now subsumed into GST and supplies to SEZs are zero rated under the IGST Act, 2017.

(4) Single window clearance for Central and State level approvals.

(5) Flexibility in labour laws also attracts foreign investments.

Ans. Markets have been transformed completely in recent years. This transformation has been largely brought about by globalisation.

(1) Greater competition among producers (both

local and foreign) has been advantageous to consumers, particularly the well-off section. Rich people enjoy improved quality and lower prices for several products and enjoy a higher standard of living. We have a wide choice of goods and services before us.

(2) MNCs have increased their investments in India over the past 20 years in industries such as cell phones, automobiles, electronics, soft drinks, fast food and services such as banking thereby providing consumers with a vast variety of products. The latest models of digital cameras, mobile phones and televisions made by leading manufacturers of the world are within our reach.

(3) Today, Indians are buying cars produced by nearly all the top companies in the world. Every season new models of automobiles can be seen on Indian roads.

(4) A similar explosion of brands can be seen for many other goods; from shirts to televisions to processed fruit juices.

(5) Top Indian companies have benefitted from competition. They have invested in newer technology and production methods indirectly benefitting the consumers in the Indian markets who now enjoy a much higher standard of living than ever before.

Ans. The idea of satyagraha means the power of truth and the need to search for truth. It also suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor.

Ans. Mahatma Gandhi in 1919 decided to launch a nationwide satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act. It gave the government repressive powers, and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years. Due to this episode most of the people gathered in the Jallianwala Bagh.

Ans. The paragraph talks about the Non- Cooperation-Khilafat Movement. It was started in January 1921. Various social groups participated in this movement each with its own specific aspiration. All of them responded to the call of Swaraj but the term meant different things to different people.

Ans. The exchange of goods among people, states and countries is referred to as trade. Trade between two countries is called international trade.

Ans. The balance of trade of a country is the difference between its export and import. When the value of export exceeds the value of imports, it is called a favourable balance of trade. If the value of imports exceeds the value of exports, it is termed as unfavourable balance of trade.

Ans. Among the commodities in export the share of agriculture and allied products has been 8.64 percent, base metals 6.91 percent, gems and jewellery 17.02 percent, chemicals and related products 12.06 percent in 2016-17.

The commodities imported to India include petroleum crude and products 22.4 percent, gems and jewellary 12.8 percent, chemicals and related products 9.76 percent, base metals 5.95 percent, electronic items 10.94%, machinery 8.9%, agriculture and allied products 5.84% in 2016-17.

Ans. In barter system, double coincidence of wants is an essential feature.

Ans. Because they are authorized by the government of the country.

Ans. Because demand deposits in the bank accounts can be withdrawn on demand.

Ans. (A) Calcutta

(B) Dandi