Manufacturing Industries – PYQs – Answers

Ans. The National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council (NMCC) has been set up with the objective of appropriate policy interventions by the government and renewed efforts by the industry to improve productivity.

Ans. Public sector is owned and operated by government agencies where as private sector is owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals.

Ans. The factors affecting the location of an industry:

(i) Availability of raw material,

(ii) Availability of cheap labour,

(iii) Availability of capital and bank facilities,

(iv) Availability of power and other infrastructure,

(v) Availability of adequate and swift means of transport,

(vi) Proximity to markets.

Ans. (i) Physical factors:

(a) Availability of raw materials: Ideal location should be near the sources of raw materials.

(b) Power Resources: Power resources like coal and electricity must be available for the industry.

(c) Climate: Water and favourable climate.

(ii) Human factors:

(a) Cheap and efficient labour

(b) Capital and bank facilities (c) Good market (d) Transport facility

Ans. (i) Agriculture and industries are not exclusive of each other. They move hand in hand. The agrobased industries in India have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its productivity.

(ii) Industry depends on agriculture for raw material and to sell their products such as irrigation pumps, fertilisers, insecticides and machines and tools etc. to the farmers.

(iii) Development and competitiveness of manufacturing industry has not only assisted farmers in increasing their production but also made the production processes very efficient.

Ans. (i) After an industrial activity starts, urbanisation follows. Sometimes industries are located in or near the cities. Industrialisation and urbanisation go hand in hand.

(ii) Cities provide markets and also provide services such as banking, insurance, transport, labour, consultants and financial advice. etc. to the industry.

(iii) Many industries tend to come together to make use of the advantages offered by the urban centers known as agglomeration economies

Ans. On the basis of source of raw materials used are as follows:

(i) Agro-based industry: Industry which obtained raw materials from agriculture are known as agro-based Industry. Examples are—Cotton, woollen, jute, silk, textile, rubber, sugar

(ii) Mineral-based industry: Industries which obtained raw materials from minerals are known as mineral-based industry. Examples are—Iron and steel, cement, aluminium, petro-chemicals, etc.

Ans. Classification of the industries on the basis of capital investment:

(a) Small scale industry (b) Large scale industry

(ii) Difference: If the investment is more than one crore on any industry, it is considered as a large scale industry. For example, iron and steel industry/cement industry (any other relevant example). While the investment is less than one crore on an industry, it is considered as a small scale industry e.g., plastic industry, toy industry.

Ans. Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing. For example, iron and steel, aluminium, rubber, textile etc.

Manufacturing sector is considered as backbone of development because:

(i) It not only helps in modernising agriculture but also forms the backbone of our economy.

(ii) Industrial development is a precondition for eradication of unemployment and poverty from our country.

(iii) Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce.

(iv) Countries that transform their raw materials into a wide variety of finished goods of higher value are prosperous.

Ans. The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries. This statement can be justified in the following points:

(i) Manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of development in general and economic development in particular.

(ii) Manufacturing industry not only help in modernising agriculture; they also reduce the dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs.

(iii) Industrial development is a precondition for eradication of unemployment and poverty. It was also aimed at bringing down regional disparities by establishing industries in backward areas.

(iv) Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce, and brings in much needed foreign exchange.

(v) Indian’s prosperity lies in increasing and diversifying its manufacturing industries as quickly as possible.

Ans. On the basis of ownership, industry can be classified into the following categories.

(i) Public sector: It is owned and operated by government agencies e.g. BHEL, SAIL, NTPC, etc.

(ii) Private sector: It is owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals. e.g. TISCO, Reliance, Bajaj Auto Ltd, Dabur industries, etc.

(iii) Joint Sector: Industries which are jointly run by the state and individuals or a group of individuals as a joint venture are in joint sector. Oil India Ltd, Maruti Udyog Ltd. are examples of this type of industry.

(iv) Cooperative Sector: This type of industries is owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. They pool their resources and share the profits or losses proportionately. The sugar industries in Maharashtra and the coir industry in Kerala are good examples of this type of industry.

Ans. The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries. Manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of development in general and economic development in particular mainly because:

(i) Manufacturing industries not only help in modernising agriculture, which forms the backbone of our economy, but also reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sector.

(ii) Industrial development is a precondition for eradication of unemployment and poverty from our country.

(iii) It was also aimed at bringing down regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backwards areas.

(iv) Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce, and brings in much needed foreign exchange.

(v) Countries that transform their raw materials into a wide variety of furnished goods of higher value are prosperous.

Ans. Location of Jute industries in Hugli basin:

(i) Proximity of jute producing areas.

(ii) Inexpensive water transport.

(iii) Good network of roadways, railways and waterways

(iv) Abundant water for processing raw jute

(v) Cheap labour from West Bengal and adjoining states

(vi) Good banking, insurance and poor facilities in Kolkata.

Ans. Our spinning mills are competitive at global level. India has largest working handlooms in comparison with the Indo-Pacific region. The rising demand for khadi exports has provided large scale employment to weavers.

Ans. To increase the demand and market for jute and jute textile as well as jute-allied products research has been initiated so that besides the traditional jute bags, ropes, gunny bags etc new products are made e.g., paper, jute textile, carpet, decorative items, etc.

Ans. (i) In the early years, the cotton textile industry was concentrated in the cotton growing belt of Maharashtra and Gujarat.

(ii) Availability of raw cotton, ready market, transport including accessible port facilities, abundant skilled and unskilled contributed towards its localisation.

(iii) Moist climate which is suitable for the cotton industry.

Ans. (i) Jute industry is facing stiff competition in the market from synthetic substitutes.

(ii) Most of the machinery in jute industry are old and hence the output of labourers is very low.

(iii) Jute industry is facing stiff competition in the international market from other competitors like Bangladesh, Brazil, Philippines, Egypt and Thailand.

(iv) In 2005, National Jute Policy was formulated with the objective of increasing productivity, improving quality, ensuring good prices and enhancing the yield per hectare.

Ans. (i) The weaving, knitting and processing units cannot use much of the high quality yarn that is produced in the country.

(ii) Erratic power supply, outdated machinery and low output of labour.

(iii) There are some large and modern factories in these segments, but most of the production is in fragmented small units, which cater to the local market.

(iv) As a result, many of our spinners export cotton yarn while apparel/garment manufacturers have to import fabric. This mismatch is a major drawback for the textile industry in India.

Ans. (i) The weaving, knitting and processing units cannot use much of the high quality yarn that is produced in the country.

Therefore, many of our spinners export cotton yarn while apparel/garment manufacturers have to import fabric.

(ii) If weaving sector is improved then yarn can be used in the country and garments can be exported to earn foreign exchange for the country.

Ans. Cotton textile industry was concentrated in the cotton growing belt in the early years because: (i) availability of raw cotton, e.g. belt of Maharashtra and Gujarat,

(ii) nearness to market,

(iii) transport,

(iv) port facilities,

(v) cheap labour,

(vi) moist climate.

Ans. (i) The textile industry contributes significantly to industrial production, i.e. about 14%.

(ii) Wide market and the availability of transport, banking and electricity facilities in almost all parts of the country have led to the spread of textile mills in different areas of the country.

(iii) It is the only industry in India which is self-reliant and complete in the value chain, i.e. from raw material to the highest value added products.

(iv) Textile industry is a labour intensive industry, so a large number of people are employed in different stages of its working such as weeding, spinning, leaving, dyeing, designing, printing, tailoring and sewing.

(v) The textile industry not only employs lot of people but also provides a huge amount to country. In rural areas the handloom industry is doing its work while in the urban areas the textile mills and factories work day and night.

Ans. Factors responsible for the location of jute mills in the Hugli basin are as follows:

(i) Proximity of the jute producing areas.

(ii) Inexpensive water transport, supported by a good network of railways, roadways and waterways to facilitate movement of raw material to the mills.

(iii) Abundant water from Hugli river for processing raw jute.

(iv) Cheap labour from West Bengal and neighbouring states of Bihar, Odisha and Uttar Pradesh is available.

(v) Kolkata as a large urban centre provides banking, insurance and port facilities for export of jute goods.

Ans. Sugar industry is seasonal in nature. The sugar mills shifting and concentrating in the southern and western states of India due to:

(i) The sugarcane produced in the southern and western states has a higher sucrose content.

(ii) The moderate climatic conditions also ensure a longer crushing season.

(iii) Most of the sugar mills are run by the cooperatives which are more successful in these states.

Major Challenges:

(i) The seasonal nature of the industry.

(ii) Old machinery and inefficient methods of production.

(iii) Transport delay in reaching sugarcane to factories.

(iv) There is a need to maximise the use of biogases.

Ans. (i) Automobiles provide vehicles for quick transport of goods and passengers.

(ii) Trucks, buses, cars, motor cycles, scooters, three wheelers and multi utility vehicles are manufactured in India at various centres.

(iii) After the liberalisation, the introduction of new and contemporary models of vehicles stimulated the demand for vehicles in the market, which led to the growth of the industry including passenger cars, two and three wheelers.

(iv) This industry had experienced a quantum jump in less than 15 years.

(v) Foreign Direct Investment brought in new technology and aligned the industry with global developments. The two centres of automobile industry are Jamshedpur and Gurgaon.

Ans. (i) It is largely because of the relative advantages this region has for the development of iron and steel industry.

(ii) These include low cost of iron ore, high grade raw materials in proximity has encouraged the concentration of iron and steel industries in this region.

(iii) Availability of cheap labour and vast growth potential in the home market has helped in the concentration of this industry.

Ans. (i) Steel production is the backbone of any country’s economy since it is the basic unit for the development of the nation.

(ii) Almost every industry depends on iron and steel for its manufacturing and production.

(iii) In today’s era of globalisation, consumption of goods is increasing. Thus, it can be concluded that growth in production of steel is regarded as the index of country’s development.

Ans. The role of chemical industry in the Indian economy are:

(i) It is fast growing and diversifying industry and contributes approximately 3 per cent of the GDP.

(ii) It is the third largest in Asia and occupies the twelfth place in the world in term of its size.

(iii) It comprises both large and small scale manufacturing units.

(iv) Rapid growth has been recorded in both inorganic and organic sectors.

(v) Organic chemicals include petrochemicals which are used for manufacturing of synthetic fibers, rubber, plastics, and dye stuffs.

(vi) Inorganic chemicals include sulphuric acid, fertilizers, synthetic fibers, plastics, adhesives, paints, etc.

(vii) This industry is its own largest consumer.

Ans. Software Technology Parks: These parks are those which provide single window service and high data communication facility to software experts.

Significance of IT Industry:

(i) A major impact of this industry has been on employment generation. Upto 31st March, 2005, the IT industry employed over one-million persons.

(ii) It is encouraging to know that 30 per cent of the people employed in this sector are women.

(iii) This industry has been a major foreign exchange earner in the last two or three years because of its fast growing Business Processes Outsourcing (BPO) sector.

(iv) The continuous growth in the hardware and software is the key to the success of IT industry in India.

Ans. Cement industry is responsible for land degradation because the mineral processing like grinding to limestone for this industry generate huge quantity of dust in the atmosphere.

Ans. (i) Industries apart from being heavy users of water also require power to run them.

(ii) Today large industrial houses are as common place as the industrial units of many MNCs are exerting pressure on freshwater sources.

(iii) Industrialisation followed by the urbanisation multiplying the problems of water scarcity and exerting pressure on water sources causing their depletion.

Ans. Consequence of environment degradation do not respect national or state boundaries. Increase in pollution of land, water, air, noise resulting degradation of environmental due to rapid industralisation. Environmental degradation affects plants and wildlife and micro-organisms. When industries release harmful chemicals and toxic, humans suffer. Humans are killing our planet Earth and its consequences are tremendous.

Ans. (i) Steps to minimize the environmental degradation caused by industrial development in India are given below:

(ii) Minimizing use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages.

(iii) Harvesting of rain water to meet water requirements.

(iv) Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds.

(v) Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators.

(vi) Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.

(vii) Machinery and equipment’s can be used and generators should be fitted with silencers.

(viii) Almost all machinery can be redesigned to increase energy efficiency and reduce noise. Noise absorbing material may be used apart from personal use of earplugs and earphones.

Ans. (i) Optimum utilisation of equipment adopting latest techniques and upgrading existing equipment.

(ii) Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation.

(iii) Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance and addressing the question of special purpose vehicles for afforestation.

(iv) Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash water recycling system and liquid waste management.

(v) Ecological monitoring, reviews and online database management for all its power stations.

Ans. Undoubtedly, the rapid growth in industries has led to considerable economic growth but it has also led to the increase in pollution of land, water, air, noise eventually resulting in degradation of environment. Industries are responsible for five types of pollution:

(i) Air pollution: Presence of high proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide in the air is very dangerous. Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants, and burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories that ignore pollution norms. Toxic gas leaks can be very hazardous with long-term effects. It adversely affects human health, animals, plants, buildings and the atmosphere as a whole.

(ii) Water pollution: Organic and inorganic industrial wastes and affluents are discharged into rivers. They make the river water polluted. The main industries that are responsible for it includes paper, pulp, chemical, textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries and electroplating industries that let out dyes, detergents, acids, salts and heavy metals like lead and mercury pesticides, fertilisers, synthetic chemicals with carbon, plastics and rubber, etc. into the water bodies.

(iii) Thermal pollution: It occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling.

(iv) Land pollution: Dumping of wastes specially glass, harmful chemicals, industrial effluents, packaging, salts and garbage makes the land unfertile. Rainwater takes the pollutants deep to the ground thus contaminating the groundwater.

(v) Noise pollution: Industrial and construction activities, machinery, factory equipment, generators, electric drills, etc. cause a lot of noise pollution. Noise pollution causes irritation and anger. It can also cause hearing impairment, increased heart-beat and blood pressure

Ans. (i) On one hand Industries lead to extensive industrial growth and expansion, other hand these are also the cause of environmental degeneration which prompt to the different type of air, water pollution.

(ii) There is an increasing requirement to use a further sustainable model.

(iii) Industries must produce eco-friendly products and dump wastes responsibly.

(iv) Use of latest technology can help industries to control pollution and lead towards sustainable mode of operation.

(v) Industries use Reuse-Recycle-Refuse approach.

(vi) If necessary, dump waste in specified places, away from the land and water sources. For example, before dumping treat well and make useful for other than drinking purpose, stop using thermal plants in some of the locations.